physio LAB: skeletal system

206

The adult human skeleton is generally composed of how many bones

Coronal suture

a

Sagittal suture

b

Lambdoid suture

c

Frontal fontanelle

d

Occipital frontanelle

e

skull

protects the brain

thoracic cage

protects the heart and lungs.

Bones

act as levers

joints

serve as points of motion

skeletal muscle

provide the force for movement.

Red bone marrow

produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through haematopoiesis

haematopoiesis

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through ___

Yellow bone marrow

stores fat as an energy reserve.

fat

Yellow bone marrow stores __as an energy reserve.

axial, appendicular skeleton

what are the two major divisions of skeletal system

Axial skeleton

this division includes the Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Axial skeleton

Forms the central axis of the body; primarily supports and protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs

Appendicular skeleton

this division icnldues the Pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdles, and lower limbs

Appendicular skeleton

Attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton and enables movement and locomotion.

Anatomical planes

are imaginary flat surfaces used to describe sections of the body and the direction of movement.

Sagittal plane

Left and right portions

Sagittal plane

A vertical cut from front to back

midsagittal plane

creates equal left and right halves.

Frontal or coronal plane

Anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Frontal or coronal plane

A vertical cut from side to side.

Transverse plane

Superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Transverse plane

A horizontal cut across the body

Oblique plane

Sections made at an angle

Oblique plane

A diagonal cut that is not parallel to the standard planes.

Skull

Protects the brain; supports and shapes the face; houses structures associated with vision, hearing, smell, taste, and breathing

Mandible

Forms the lower jaw, holds the lower teeth, and enables chewing and speaking

Cervical vertebrae

Support the head, protect the spinal cord, and allow neck movement.

Thoracic vertebrae

Articulate with the ribs, support the upper trunk, and protect the spinal cord.

Lumbar vertebrae

Support much of the body's weight and allow bending and twisting of the lower back.

Sacrum

Connects the vertebral column to the pelvis and transfers body weight to the pelvic girdle.

Coccyx

Provides attachment for pelvic muscles and ligaments and contributes to support while sitting.

Sternum (breastbone)

Anchors the ribs anteriorly and helps protect the heart and lungs

Ribs

Form the thoracic cage, protect the heart and lungs, and assist the mechanics of breathing

lordosis, kyphosis

what are the types or curvatures

Lordosis

refers to an inward curvature; the cervical and lumbar regions normally show this type of curves

Kyphosis

refers to an outward curvature; the thoracic and sacral regions normally show this type of curves.

True ribs

ribs 1-7 are called __

True ribs

Attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages

False ribs

ribs 8-10 are called what

False ribs

Attach indirectly through the costal cartilage of the rib above

Floating ribs

ribs 11-12 are called what

Floating ribs

Have no anterior attachment to the sternum; they attach only to the vertebral column posteriorly, allowing greater flexibility.

Clavicle (collarbone)

Connects the upper limb to the trunk and helps maintain the position of the shoulder

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Provides broad attachment sites for shoulder muscles and contributes to arm movemen

Humerus

Forms the upper arm and contributes to the shoulder and elbow joints.

Radius

Forms the thumb-side of the forearm and participates in forearm rotation and wrist movement.

Ulna

Forms the little-finger side of the forearm and provides stability at the elbow.

Carpals

Form the wrist and permit flexible wrist movements.

Metacarpals

Form the palm and support hand movement and gripping

Hand phalanges

Form the fingers and allow grasping and fine movement

Pelvic girdle

Supports the trunk, transfers body weight to the lower limbs, and protects pelvic organs.

Femur

Forms the thigh, bears body weight, and enables movement at the hip and knee.

Patella

Protects the front of the knee and improves the leverage of the quadriceps during leg extension.

Tibia

Bears most of the lower leg's weight and contributes to the knee and ankle joints.

Fibula

Stabilises the lower leg and ankle and provides sites for muscle attachment.

Tarsals

Form the ankle and heel and help bear weight during standing and walking

Metatarsals

Form the middle of the foot and contribute to balance and movement.

Foot phalange

Form the toes and help maintain balance and push the body forward during walking

skull

is the bony framework of the head

skull

It protects the brain, supports and shapes the face, houses the organs of special sense, and provides attachment sites for muscles used in chewing, facial expression, and head movement

skull

The __is generally composed of 22 bones: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.

22

The skull is generally composed of __bones: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.

8

The skull is generally composed of 22 bones: __cranial bones and 14 facial bones.

14

The skull is generally composed of 22 bones: 8 cranial bones and __facial bones.

cranium

The __, or neurocranium, surrounds the brain, meninges, and associated blood vessels.

neurocranium

The cranium, or __, surrounds the brain, meninges, and associated blood vessels.

cranium

the roof of __is called the calvaria, while its base supports the brain and connects with the facial skeleton and vertebral column

calvaria

the roof of cranium is called the ___, while its base supports the brain and connects with the facial skeleton and vertebral column

Frontal

1; Forms the forehead, roof of the orbits, and anterior cranial cavity.

Parietal

2; Form most of the roof and upper sides of the skull

Temporal

2; Form the lower sides and part of the cranial base; house structures for hearing and balance.

Occipital

1; Forms the posterior skull and cranial base and contains the foramen magnum.

foramen magnum

occipital Forms the posterior skull and cranial base and contains the ___

Sphenoid

1; Forms part of the cranial base and orbits and articulates with many skull bones

Ethmoid

1; Contributes to the nasal cavity, nasal septum, and medial orbits; transmits olfactory nerve fibres

facial skeleton

The___, or viscerocranium, supports the soft tissues of the face and forms the orbits and the nasal and oral cavities.

viscerocranium

The facial skeleton, or ___, supports the soft tissues of the face and forms the orbits and the nasal and oral cavities.

Zygomatic

2; Form the cheekbones and part of the lateral walls and floors of the orbits.

Lacrimal

2; Form part of the medial orbital walls and contribute to the tear-drainage passage.

Nasal

2; Form the bony bridge of the nose

Inferior nasal conchae

2; Increase nasal surface area to help warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air.

Palatine

2; Form the posterior hard palate and portions of the nasal cavity and orbit.

Maxillae

2; Form the upper jaw, hold the upper teeth, and contribute to the hard palate, nose, and orbits.

Vomer

1; Forms the inferior and posterior portion of the nasal septum

Mandible

1; Forms the lower jaw and is the main movable bone of the skull.

Sutures

are strong, nearly immovable fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull.

Coronal suture

type of suture the connects Frontal bone and the two parietal bones.

Sagittal suture

type of suture the connects Right and left parietal bones.

Lambdoid suture

type of suture the connects Occipital bone and the two parietal bones.

Fontanelles

Soft membranous spaces between some skull bones in infants.

Fontanelles

They permit moulding of the skull during birth and provide space for rapid brain growth.

landmark

may be a point, opening, projection, depression, or region used to describe anatomy and locate nearby structures.

Frontal eminence

Rounded prominence on each side of the frontal bone above the superciliary arch

Frontal eminence

contributes to the contour of the forehead and marks an early centre of ossification.