ANSC 4398 test 1

Public Health

Detecting, preventing and responding to infectious disease

zoonotic disease

transmittible from animal to human

- animals can sometimes appear as healthy even when carrying disease

impact of zoonotic diseases

2.5 billion cases

2.7 million deaths

1.4 billion $ of economic impact

zoonotic disease spread

- direct

- indirect

- vector

- foodborn

- waterborn

transmission

the process by which a pathogen is spread

disease transmission

- fomites

- vectors

- contaminated air, soil, water, feed, ect

people at risk

children under 6

adults over 65

people with weak immune systems

pregnant women

spread

the process by which a disease can multiply through a population

epidemiology

the study of the distribution, prevalence, and causes of a particular disease

prevalence

how common a certain disease is within a area or population

where are diseases found

endemic

epidemic

pandemic

morbidity vs mortality

morbidity is amount of animals sick within a population

mortality is the amount of animals that will die from a particular disease

pathogen

microbes capable of causing disease

incubation period

time between exposure to first clinical signs

bio security

defined as all procedures implemented to reduce the risk and consequences of infection from a disease causing agent

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

-protects a person from biohazards

exit biosecurity protocol

same as entry but in reverse

foreign animal disease

highly contagious animal disease considered foreign and not normally inside the USA

domestic animal disease

commonly seen

preventative medicine

vaccines

vector and pest control

prophylactic vs metaphylactic

CDC

Human Disease

USDA APHIS

animal disease

Texas health and Human Services

human disease

TAHC

animal disease

- crossing state lines

WHO (world health organization)

founded in 1948

Located in Genva, Switzerland

USDA FISIS

meat, poultry, and egg products

FDA

all other foods

the one health approach

prevent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases in animals and people

goal is to improve safety and security

Plum Island Animal Disease Center

A research facility off of the coast of Long Island that studies more than 40 animal diseases that are not indigenous to the United States, including foot and mouth disease.

public health is defined as

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency within a population through organized community efforts

mission of public health

the fulfillment of society's interest in assuring the conditions in which people can be healthy

public health key terms

clinical care

determinant

endemic or outbreak

health outcome

father of modern epidemiology

John Snow

what is the problem

surveillance

what is the cause

risk factor identification

what works

intervention evaluation

how do you do it

implementation

5 cores of public health

- prevention effectiveness

- epidemiology

- laboratory

- informatics

- surveillance

3 core functions of public health

assessment, policy development, assurance

health care as a partner in public health

complimentary, all people benefit

other partners in public health

- media

- employers and businesses

- government agencies

- academia

cluster

group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more than expected

rate

number of cases occurring during a specific period. always dependent on the size of the population

rate equation

rate % = (# of cases / population risk) x 100

descriptive epidemiology

When was the population affected?

Where was the population affected?

Who was affected?

analytic epidemiology

How was the population affected?

Why was the population affected?

data sources and collection methods

individual

environment

health care providers

nonhealth-related sources

individual

questioner

survey

environment

samples from the environment

sensors for all enviormental changes

health care providers

notifications to health department if cases of certain diseases are observed

nonhealth-related sources

sales records, court records

cross sectional study

Subjects are selected because they are members of a certain population subset at a certain time

cohort study

Subjects are categorized on the basis of their exposure to one or more risk factors

case controlled study

subjects identified as having a diseases or conditions are compared with subjects without the same disease or condition

outbreak investigation

- Establishing the existence of an outbreak

- preparing for field work

- verifying the diagnosis

- defining and identifying cases

- using descriptive epidermally

- develop a focused hypothesis

- evaluating the hypothesis

- refining the hypothesis

- implementing control and preventive measures

- communicating findings

step 1 & 2 of outbreak investigation

- Establishing the existence of an outbreak

- preparing for field work

steps 3 & 4 of outbreak investigation

- verifying the diagnosis

- defining and identifying cases

step 5 of outbreak investigation

- using descriptive epidermally

steps 6, 7, & 8 of outbreak investigation

- develop a focused hypothesis

- evaluating the hypothesis

- refining the hypothesis

step 9 & 10 of disease outbreak

- implementing control and preventive measures

- communicating findings

pathogens

- bacteria

- virus

- fungus

- parasite

bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.

Not all bacteria are bad (ex- probiotics)

3 basic shapes bacteria shape

spheres or ball shaped

rod shaped

spirals or helix

bacteria are classified as

aerobes - need oxygen

anaerobes - cannot live with oxygen

facultative - can live and grow with or without oxygen

virus

Microscopic infectious agent capable of replicating only in living cells, usually causing infectious disease

- typically host specific

- must have a host to survive

virus shapes

helical, icosahedral, spherical, complex

how do viruses infect

Receptor Binding - Ex Key to Door

Direct Fusion - Ex Kicking door down

Bacteriophages - Ex sliding under the door

virus geonomics properties

DNA - Instruction manual

RNA - translation that the cell machine can read

fungus

multicellular organisms that reproduce through spores

treated by anti-fungals

type of fungal infections

superficial - skin

subcutaneous - below the surface of the skin

deep fungal - places other than the skin

parasites

An organism that lives in or on another organism, deriving nourishment at the expense of its host, usually without killing it

what parasite is the exception and can be internal and external

New World Screw Worm