Blood and Biofeedback (Preliminary pages 1 - 7) - Lab 2

Blood is an important transport medium for....

-dissolved gases

-nutrients

-cellular wastes

Why is blood considered a type of connective tissue?

It is comprised of a variety of cell types, which are suspended in an extracellular matrix

The essential role of internal transportation, the cellular and chemical composition of blood reflects....

the functional status of many of the body's organ systems

The blood's extracellular components are referred to as....

Formed elements

The blood's extracellular matrix is called

Plasma

The fluid component of the blood, minus the formed elements, is referred to as...

Plasma

What are four examples of substances that can be found in plasma

-Water

-Protein

-Electrolytes

-Nutrients

The most abundent of the plasma protein solutes is....

Albumin

What are the two major roles of albumin?

-Maintains osmotic pressure

-Transports substances

_________ is an important plasma protein invovled in blood cotting

fibrinogen

Erthrocytes (red blood cells-RBCs) is the most numerous of the....

formed elements

The primary role of RBCs is to.....

transport oxygen

The oxygen-binding protein in RBC is....

Hemoglobin

What are the normal limits for a RBC count in women and in men?

Women: 4.2-5.4 million cells per microliter (mcL)

Men: 4.7-6.1 million cells per microliter (mcL)

How might a significant increase in red blood cell numbers (polycythemia) affect blood flow?

The blood becomes viscous (thicker), which makes it harder for the blood to flow

What is anemia?

A condition involving too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin, reducing oxygen carrying ability

What are two common causes of anemia?

1. Iron Deficiency

2. Blood loss

What are a few features of leukocytes (WBC's)?

-present in lower numbers

-relatively large

-nucleated cells

-function in the body's defense systems

-play no role in O2 transport

Leukocytes are usually categorized as ______ or _____ depending on whether or not they contain membrane-bound granules within their cytoplasm

-Granulocytes

-Agranulocytes

WBCs can also be distinguished by their

-Relative size

-Shapes of their nuclei

What are the three distinct types of granulocytes that have been identified, based on Wright's staining characteristics of their cytoplasmic granules?

-neutrophils

-eosinophils

-basophils

____________ are the most numerus of the WBC's, usually comprising about___________ (% range) of the total white cell population. Their cytoplasmic granules are quite small and take up both

1. Neutrophils

2. 50-70

Neutrophil cytoplasmic granules are quite small and take up both acidic (red staining) and basic (blue staining) dyes, because of their _________ for both types of dye, the cell cytoplasm appears pale lavender when viewed under the microscope.

Dual affinity

The cell nucleus is ___________ is shape, hence neutrophiles are commonly reffered to as __________ WBCs.

1. Segmented/multilobed

2. Ploymorphonuclear

The major function of a neutrophil is to.....

act as a phagocytes

As a result of neutrophil function, their numbers dramatically _______ during acute bacterial infections.

Increase

The second most prevelent type of granulocyte is the __________; These cells compromise only ________ (precent range)

1. Eosinophils

2. 1-5

Eosinophils contain relatively large cytoplasmic granules that take up acidic dyes and thus stain a....

red-orange color

What are the distinctive properties of eosinophils' nuclei

-Bi-lobed

-appear blue in color

What are the major functions of eosinophils

-fight parasitic infections

-participate in allergic responses

The rarest of all granulocytes (as well as WBCs in general) are the ________

Basophils

Basophils contain relatively large cytoplasmic granules that take up what type of dyes and stain in what color?

-Basic dyes

-purple

Basophils contain _________, a substance that acts as a ___________ and chemical attractant for other WBC types during inflammation responses

-Histamine

-Vasodilator

Agranulocytes include ____________ and _________ (two types)

-Lymphocytes

-Monocytes

The most numerous of the agranulocytes (2nd most prevalent leukocyte) are the ____________, although only a small number of them actually circulate within the bloodstream at any given time.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes can be distinguished from other WBCs by their......

relatively small size and large, rounded nucleus

What are the two major categories of lymphocytes, and what are their roles?

-B cells = produce antibodies

-T cells = involved in cell-mediated immune responses

The second type of agranlocyte is called the ________

Monocyte

Monocytes features

-can be distinguished by their kidney-shaped nuclei

-cells migrate out of the blood vessels and enter the surrounding tissues

-once they differentiate into phagocytic cells, they are called macrophages

Monocyte cell migration out of blood vessels is a process known as...

Diapedesis

Monocytes are particularly important in battling what type(s) of disease processes?

Chronic infections and inflammatory diseases

What is leukemia? How do acute leukemias differ from chronic leukemia varieties

-It is a cancer from a blood-forming issue that causes abnormal WBC production

-Acute leukemia develops rapidly, while chronic leukemia develops more slowly

Platelets are the third type of formed element. How do they differ from erythrocytes and leukocytes?

They are cell fragments, while erythrocytes and leukocytes are complete cells

From what cell type do plates originate?

Megakaryocytes

What is the major role of platelets?

Helps to stop bleeding

For every 100 WBC in a healthy blood preparation one would expect to find.....

-Neutrophils 50-70%

-Lymphocytes 30-30%

-Monocytes 2-6%

-Esinophiles 1-5%

-Basophil 0.5-1%

The differential white cell count is used clinically to identify.....

pathological conditions that are associated with changes in the percentages of particular leukocytes

Features of erythrocytes

-have a limited lifespan

-develop in bone marrow

-have a nucleus that is extruded before the cell is released into the blood

- have no nucleus and few organelles

-has little ability to repair itself

The percent of the volume occupied by the packed RBcs to the total volume of the sample is known as the ________ or __________

-Hematocrit

-Packed cell volume (PCV)