The Language of Medicine (13th Edition) - Chapter 2 Review

anterior (ventral)

front of the body

deep

away from the surface

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

inferior

below another structure; pertaining to the lower portion of body

Lateral

side of body

medial

toward the middle of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

near the surface

prone

lying face down

sagittal plane (lateral)

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

superior (cephalic)

above another structure; pertaining to the head

supine

lying on the back

transverse plane (axial)

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

cells

Basic unit of life

cell membrane

surrounds and protects the cell

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

genes

Chemical factors that determine traits

anabolism

process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

Cytoplasm

the portion of the cell outside the nucleus

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Karyotype

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

adipose tissue

collection of fat cells

Cartilage

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

Epithelial cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

Histologist

specialist in the study of tissues

larynx

voice box

Pharynx

throat

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

thryoid gland

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

Trachea

windpipe

ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

viscera

The internal organs of the body

digestive system organs

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder

urinary system organs

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

respiratory system organs

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

reproductive system organs

-Testes, penis, ovaries, and vagina

endocrine system organs

pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

nervous system organs

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Circulatory System Organs

heart, blood vessels, blood

muscoskeletal system organs

muscles, bones, joints

skin and sense organs

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue

hyponchondriac

right and upper left regions beneath the ribs

epigastric region

middle upper region above the stomach

lumbar region

right and left middle regions near the waist

umbilical region

region of the navel

inguinal region

right and left lower regions near the groin

hypogastric region

inferior to the umbilical region

cervical region

neck region (C1 to C7)

thoracic region

chest region (T1 to T12)

lumbar region (back)

loin (waist) region (L1 to L5)

sacral region

region of the sacrum (S1 to S5)

Coccygeal Region

tailbone or coccyx (3-5 fused vertebrae)

RUQ

Right Upper Quadrant; contains liver and gallbladder.

LUQ

Left Upper Quadrant; contains stomach and spleen.

RLQ

right lower quadrant; contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

LLQ

left lower quadrant, contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

vertebra

single backbone

Vertebrae

backbones

spinal column

bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity

spinal cord

nervous tissue within the spinal cavity

disc

pad of cartilage between vertebrae

abdimin/o

abdomen

adip/o

fat

anter/o

front

cervic/o

neck

chondr/o

cartilage

chrom/o

colour

coccyg/o

coccyx (tailbone)

crani/o

skull

dist/o

far, distant

cyt/o

cell

hist/o

tissue

ili/o

ilium (part of the pelvic bone)

inguin/o

groin

kary/o

nucleus

later/o

side, to one side

lumb/o

lower back

medi/o

middle

nucle/o

nucleus

pelv/i

pelvis

pharyng/o

pharynx (throat)

poster/o

back, behind

proxim/o

near, nearest

sarc/o

flesh

spin/o

spine, backbone

thel/o, theli/o

nipple

thorac/o

chest

trache/o

trachea, windpipe

umbilic/o

navel, umbilicus

ventr/o

belly side of the body