PBSI 300: exam 2

John Gray

Author of 'Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus' and believed men and women are completely different from each other

cautions for research

samples, expectations/biases, relevance to real-life, multiple variables, and similarities are often not published

essential differences perspective of gender comparisons

biological reasons including genetic, hormonal, and brain structure

social constructionist perspective of gender comparisons

how society/culture creates gender and maintains it in interpersonal relationships and communications

when are social factors of gender differences largest

when other people are around, gender is prominent and other shared roles are minimized, or the behavior requires specific gender-related skills

social construction includes

social roles and settings, status and power, and media messages

gender social roles

men are providers and women are nurturers

when are gender social settings important

when investigating personality and social constructs

prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior intended to benefit someones else aka helping (higher in girls for children but for adults)

biological explanations of gender differences in helping behavior

men are physically stronger than women

socialization explanations of gender differences in helping behavior

men are the mechanics and women are more afraid of being assaulted than men

influenceability research

meta analyses found women more easily influenced than men but differences were small and greater when researchers were male

influenceability explanations

females socialized to yield to social influences and males trained to influence

visual spatial ability

visualizing objects or shapes and mentally rotating them (biggest difference with men scoring higher)

explanation for visual spatial differences

men process information differently maybe due to gender stereotypes with different encouragements in activities

aggression

behavior that is intended to hurt someone either physically or verbally and seems to be influenced by biology and environment

physical aggression

intent to do physical harm (higher in boys as soon as 18 months)

relational aggression

harming others through nonphysical manipulation of peer relationships (higher in girls)

biology gender influences in aggression

testosterone, Y chromosome and age, and genetic manipulations (animals bred for aggressiveness)

verbal communication stereotype

women talk more than men but research shows men talk more frequently and longer than women

affiliative interruption

to show interest and affirm what the other is saying (higher in females)

intrusive interruption

to usurp the floor and control the conversation (higher in males)

amplification

technique used by women to be heard by repeating another women's idea and acknowledging whose idea it was

emotionality stereotype

females are more emotional

emotionality in children

by adolescence girls report more sadness whereas boys deny these feelings

empathy

feeling same emotion that someone else is feeling (stereotype is higher in women)

narcissism

need for admiration and relative lack of empathy (higher in men)

Big 5 traits differences in genders

women higher in agreeableness, neuroticism, and extraversion while men higher in assertiveness and openness

female speech

more communal (emotional, polite, soothing, indirect)

male speech

more direct, goal-oriented, and abrupt using "I"

Mansplaining

man talks condescendingly about topic he has incomplete knowledge of while assuming he knows more

The "Sorry" Reflex

unnecessary apologizing from women (challenge tried to encourage replacing sorry with thank you)

Ban Bossy

self-censored campaign in 2014 that criticized the use of "bossy" to describe assertive girls/women because it is stigmatizing and may discourage them from seeking leadership positions

Research on Negotiating

NYU and the Harvard Kennedy School researchers found men who negotiated were judged as strong, dominant and a decent colleague but women judged as pushy, unpleasant and voted not to give her a raise

women vs men negotiating

women less likely to negotiate and when they do they dont fare as well

nonverbal communication in women

more interest and warmth, more smiling, mutual eye contact, more sensitive to nonverbal gestures

defense of manspreading

Gender differences in hip structure, center of gravity, and testicular heat stress response

reason for communication differences in gender

unequal power and social status, and social learning

gender differences in intelligence

- Gustave stated women closer to children and savages than civilized males

- Galton declared women inferior to men in everything

- Cattell felt women were average in abilities

gender prejudice in 21st century

both genders judge womens intelligence lower than mens (estimating their own, parents, their children)

what country found no gender differences in judging intelligence

South Africa

gender differences in cognitive skills

77% of gender comparisons in cognitive research found 0 differences and 23% found moderate- large differences

gender comparison in cognitive abilities

- no difference in intelligence, creativity, and complex cognitive tasks

- memory ability depends on context but women are better at remembering faces

verbal abilities

Language skills such as vocabulary, reading comprehension, spelling and differences appear very early with girls more vocal and verbally skilled than boys

explanation for differences in verbal abilities

Parents vocalize more with girls than with boys and believe girls are better than boys at language/reading

gender differences in school grades

girls score higher in school but boys score higher on SAT

why do boys score higher on SAT

no test bias, verbal fluency is not tested, socioeconomic status, and stereotype threat

SAT relationship with income

strong, positive

Socioeconomic status and SAT relationship

the gender gap reverses with females scoring higher than males on SAT when split by SES

cognitive vs non cognitive factors contributing to SAT

cognitive = anxiety, non-cognitive= girls less risky

stereotype threat

members of stereotyped group sometimes perform more poorly on tests because theyre anxious that their performance will confirm negative beliefs about their group (self fulfilling prophecy)

stereotype threat research

women performed significantly better with no stereotype threat and worse with it

social approach to why girls interests decline in school

parental influence (less encouragement and support), stereotype beliefs provide different experiences), and classroom influence

1980 study

Asked children to draw a picture of a scientist and only 28/4800 pictures were of women scientists drawn only by girls not one boy

Teen Talk Barbie

1992 stereotypical barbie encouraging shopping and being bad at math for girls

mathematics self-efficacy

a persons belief concerning her or his ability to successfully perform mathematical functions

draw a scientist today

28% drew a women

women in STEM

increased significantly over time but still underrepresented in PhDs

Lisa Elliot

author of "Pink Brain Blue Brain" and encouraged more encouragement of various activities and skills taught to children without stereotypes separating them

topics related to interpersonal relationships

socail dynamics (aggression and communicating) and dating/marriage dynamics (sexual and interpersonal violence)

dating scripts

culturally developed sequence of expected events that guides an individual's behavior while on a date

gender stereotypes in dating

men allowed to pursue sexual desires and may be perceived as uncontrollable while women emphasize emotional intimacy and expected to restrain sexual desires

fertility rate

# of children a women will have and is decreasing because expensive, accessibility to birth control, and women are pursuing a career

fertility rate for stable

2.1

divorce rate

40-50% of american marriages end in divorce with various reasons like financial, sex, parenting, compatibility

cohabitation

living together but not married and estimated about 50% couples (increasing)

cohabitation and divorce relationship

higher divorce rates with couples who cohabitate before marriage

selection effect

attitudes of individuals who cohabitate are more accepting of divorce and less committed to marriage than attitudes of non cohabiters

high levels of marital satusfaction predicted by

high problem-solving coping strategies, similarities in goals values and attitudes, good communication

bids

a person making an attempt at communicating and testing if partner answers (couples with high bids= stable relationship 90%)

Gottman Institute

evidence research of the predictors of divorce and separation

who has higher marital satisfaction

married people happier than nonmarried, husbands more than wives, declines when children born, increases when children move out, happy wife = happy life, lesbians

lesbians marital satisfaction

mostly egalitarian, high levels of relationship equality, endure unique stressors

child marriage

any formal marriage or informal union between a child under the age of 18 and an adult or another child (decreasing worldwide 1/4 -> 1/5)

reasons for child brides

Economic, Control female sexuality, Menstruation = woman, Safety

who is more likely to marry after the death of a spouse

men (8 to 1)

most marriages ended by

death not divorce

who is more financially vulnerable after divorce

women

disenfranchised grief

loss of a same-sex partner is especially stressful if the relationship was not publicly acknowledged and given legitimacy

what influences sexuality

cultural norms, laws, moral, and religion

when did marital rape become a crime

1993

when did birth control become legal

1961 for married couples

types of sexual acts

oral, anal, same sex

is same sex legal

1/3 of countries outlaw it

sex script

mostly heterosexual and scripted towards male ejaculation

katherine switzer

pushed off the Boston Marathon by race director because they didn't know she was a women, during this time people thought women couldnt run because their uterus would fall out

female hysteria

the theory of the wandering wombs that drove women to madness and was once a medical diagnosis

clitoral orgasm

immature and sexually inadequate in adult women

vaginal orgasm

penis penetration and women expected to only orgasm this way

research on orgasm

physiological brought on by clitoral or vaginal orgasm (not separated like freud said)

frigidity

failure of women to have vaginal orgasms; problem was diagnosed as failure to adjust to role as a woman

freud view on orgasms

separated women orgasms into two (vaginal and clitoral)

Kinsey research

- Interviewed 6000 women and men on taboo sexual behaviors

- created the Kinsey Scale

- published Sexual Behavior In The Human Male and Female version

Kinsey Scale

a 7-point scale of sexual orientation from 0 (heterosexual) - 7 (homosexual) and people mainly fell somewhere between 1-6

Masters and Johnson

studied the human sexual response cycle through direct observation because they wanted to find out what happens to a womens body during sex

Shere Hite

The Hite Report found that 70% of women DO NOT have orgasm through penal/vaginal thrusting and criticized Masters and Johnson for uncritically incorporating critical attitudes on sexual behaviors

vulva

external female sex organs, including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris

mons pubis

pad of fatty tissue covering the pubic bone

labia majora

fatty hair covered area between the legs forming flaps

labia minora

hairless flaps of skin surrounded by labia majora