Reproductive

what are the two hormones released at the anterior pituiatry gland

FSH and LH

where is GnRH released

the hypothalamus

what does the release of GnRH stimulate

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

where do FSH and LH act together

gonads

what do FSH and LH effect

gametogenesis and steroidogenesis

gametogenesis

sperm production in the testes and follicle development around the ova in the ovary

steroidogenesis

hormone production

hormones of a typical biological male

testosterone and inhibin

hormones of a typical biological female

estrogen, progesterone and inhibin

what are the gonads

testes/ovary

what is vasectomy

a cut in the vas deferens

accessory glands of the male reproductive tract

seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbo-urethral

where are sperm stored

epididymis

where are sperm produced

seminiferous tubules

what are the support cells of sperm and testosterone production

sertoli cell (sometimes called nurse cells)

where is testostorne produces

leydig cells

what cells are controlled by LH

leydig cells which then produces testosterone

what does inhibin feedback to in negative feedback

FSH

what does testosterone feedback to to inhibit

LH and hypothalamus

what cells does FSH affect

Septoli cells which then produces inhibin

seminal fluid

makes sperm motile, provides nutrients for sperm mobility, neutralises acidic environment (urethra and vagina)

prostatic fluid

neutralise acidic environment, antibiotic

bulbo-urethral glands

mucus to neutralize acidic environment, lubrication of penis tip

what type of hormone is testorone

lipid soluable hormone

how does testorone travel

bound to carrier proteins

how fast are the effects of testorone

slow and long lasting

when is the most critical surge of testostrone for the male reproductive tract

between fertilization and birth

when is the biggest surge of testostrone levels

puberty and for the majority for the adult life

do testerone levels decrease with aging

generally not. meaning they also continue to produce sperm

Is the production of testosterone controlled by negative feedback

yes

does testosterone bind to extracellular receptors and signal using second messenger systems.

No

what cells produce sex steroid hormone

granulosa theca cells

what are steriod hormones made from

cholestoral

what does no fertilization result in

degenration - corpus albicans

what is an atretic follicle

follicles that have died due to lack of support

what do estrogen, progesterone and inhibin controlling int he negative feedback loop

GnRH and LH/FSH

what do LH and FSH stimulate

production of follicle. increase in estrogens and inhibin

when does the follicle produce large levels of all 3 hormones (progesterone estrogen and inhibin)

when the corpus luteum is developed (luteal phase)

what is estrogen positive feedback important for

ovulation and fertility

what happens during the menstrual phase and when does this occur

destruction of functional layer - 1st half of follicular pahse

what happens during the proliferative phase and when

repair and regenration fo functional layer, second half of follicular phase

what happens during the secretory phase and when

secretion of uterine glands - luteal phase

when does temp raise and why

post ovulation (throughout luteal phase) due to the raise of progesterone

where does estrogen and progesterone act

through intracellular receptors to drive gene transcription in many target tissues (lipid soluable)

what is estrogen important for

mood, cognitive function, libido, bone strenght and growth

what does estrogen protect

heart, brain and metabolic health

what can estrogen lead to if too high for too long

reproductive tissue cancers

when does ovulation typically occur

at the end of the follicular phase

stages of the ovarian cycle - what is 1

follicular phase

stages of the ovarian cycle - what is 2

ovulation

stages of the ovarian cycle - what is 3

Luteal phase

what is 1

fallopian tube

what is 2

ovary

what is 3

Uterus

what is 4

endometrium

what is 5

Myometrium

what is 1

vas deferens

what is 2

testes inside the scrotum

what is 3

epididymus

what is 4

seminal vesicles

what is 5

Prostate

what is 6

bulbo-urethral gland

how often are GnRH and LH secreted in discrete pulses

1/hour

Is the frequency and amplituse of GnRH and LH pulses constant

no - changes over the menstrual cycle

what is the pulse pattern (of GnRH and LH) dependent upon

steroid hormone feedback and are important for regulating the ovary

what feedback occurs in the ovary

both negative and positive (estrogen and primarily during ovulation), pulse irregular

what feedback occurs in the testes

negative only - keeps pulse very constant

oral contraceptive pill

taking adventage of negative feedbacl to prevent pregencay

androgenic anabolic steroids

when too much negative feedback has negative consequences

Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome

a syndrome resulting from impaired negative feedback

what does the oral contraceptive pill contain

contains estrogen and progesterone or progesterone only

hwo do oral contraceptive pill work

provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to reduce GnRH and LH/FSH release. also thicken cervical mucus to restrict the movement of sperm

what do androgenic anabolic steroids do (in men)

mimic testosterone negative feedback in the brain and anterior pituitary gland. leydig cells reduce testosterone production, reducing testerone production in the testosterone.

what does Androgenic anabolic steroids cause

testicular atrophy, inferitility and higher risk of canct

what do androgenic anabolic steroids do (in women)

gonad doesn’t produce steroid hormones (theca cells dont produce testorone and granulosa cells dont produce estrogen)

what is PMOS associated with

most common cause of infertility associated with ovarian failure. associated with a metabolic syndrome, depression and endometrial cancer

how many women does PMOS effect

1 in 8

how does PMOS work

brain is less sensativty to feedback so more signals sent out from brain. which causes multiple problems at the ovary. too many theca cells and increased testosterone.

what does PMOS result in, in pulse levels

elevated frequency and amplitude due to brain not resulting in decreasing this

when do hormones of male change dramatically

pre natal, shortly after birth, and during puberty

when does testerone decrease for males after puberty

It doesnt

changes in hormones during lifespan

prenatal, shortly after birth and during puberty

when does estrogen decrease for females after puberty

about 50 yrs because there are no more follicles

what does the decrease in estrogen cause

the increases of gonatotrophins because no negative feedback loop.

what does puberty begin with increasing

increased nighttime GnRH/LH/FSH characterized by growth and secondary sex characters

what does menopause signal

the end of the female reproductive life span and characterized by a loss of gonadal steroid hormones and feedback

do males produce estrogen

yes but at a much lower level

why does the gender ability to difference change throughout the lifespan

as difference in testosterone production increases over puberty

what does T>E (XY) result in

increased skeletal muscle mass, and visceral adipose tissue. decreased total adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose

what does T<E (XX) result in

decreased skeletal muscle mass, and visceral adipose tissue. increased total adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose

what does testosterone result in the cardiovascular system

increase red blood cell number = increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

what does estrogen result in the cardiovascular system

protects against fatty deposits in arteries = reducing the risk of blocked arteries

menopause changes in body composition

increase GnRH/LH/FSH and decreased Estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. increased fat mass and decreased lean muscle mass

what system does arousal require

parasympathetic

what happens during arousal in male

penile arteries dilate and ejection

what happens during arousal in female

dilation of arteries, increased blood pressure and lubrication

what nervous system does orgasm use

sympathetic nerve

orgasm in the male

contraction of Vas deferens, ejection of semen,

orgasm in female

rhythmic contractions of vaginal and uterine muscles

where does sperm go in the male

epididymic, vas deferens, ejaculatoty duct, urethra