Inhaled formulations

• Describe methods for delivery of drugs to the nose and lung • Explain how local anatomy and physiology influence formulation choice • Demonstrate an understanding of why specific formulations are most suited to this route and why their constituent excipients are required • Demonstrate an understanding of inhaler technology and design, nebulisers and spacers • Describe excipients for inhaled and nasal formulation with appreciation of their specific characteristics

what are Inhaled formulations

Medications that are administered through inhalation, either through the nose or lungs.

what are Nasal formulations

Medications that are specifically designed for administration through the nasal cavity.

what conditions can nasal formulation be used to treat locally

cold, flu, and allergies.

what conditions can nasal formulation be used to treat systemically

• smoking cessation

• diabetes

• migraine

• pain management

• vaccination.

what are different type of nasal Formulations

• liquid

• gel

• cream,

• ointment.

what are some Nasal formulation considerations

• such as solubility (25-200 microliters)

• lipophilicity

• molecular size

• ionization

• absorption by epithelial cells (systemic treatment)

• and retention in the nasal cavity (local treatment)

Advantages of nasal formulation

• avoidance of first-pass metabolism

• large surface area for absorption

• good blood supply

• permeability to lipophilic drugs

• non-invasiveness

• ease of self-administration.

Disadvantages of nasal formulation

• requirement for potent drugs due to limited delivery volumes

• decreased absorption of some drugs due to mucociliary clearance

• enzymatic degradation of drug compounds

• low permeability for hydrophilic drugs.

Advantage of drug delivery via the lungs

• large surface area

• highly permeable membrane

• rich blood perfusion

• lack of mucociliary clearance

• painless administration

• natural route

• immunotolerance

• avoidance of first-pass metabolism.

what are the different mechanisms of particles deposition in lungs

• inertial impaction

• gravitational sedimentation

• electrostatic deposition

• interception

• Brownian motion.

what are the different devices for drug delivery to the lungs

• nebulizers

• pressurized metered dose inhalers (PMDIs)

• spacers

• dry powder inhalers (DPIs).

advantages of pMDI’s

• Portable and compact

• No preparation

• No contamination risk

• Reproducible dosing

• Cost effective

advantages of DPI’s

• Portable and compact

• No need for actuationinhalation coordination

• No propellant

• Dose counters included

• Short treatment time

advantages of nebulisers

• High doses can be delivered

• easy to administer for any patient population

disadvantage of pMDI

• Actuation-inhalation coordination

• High oropharyngeal deposition

• No dose counter

disadvantage of DPI

• Dose dependent on the inspiratory force

• Single dose DPIs require dose preparation

• Humidity and heat may alter the performance

• Costly

disadvantage of nebuliser

• Bulky

• Expensive

• High wastage of drug

• Requires preparation

• Long treatment times

• Some require power source

Testing

Different tests conducted to assess the aerodynamic properties, particle size distribution, spray pattern, plume geometry, and stability of inhaled formulations.