Bio

Macromolecules

large and usually polymers

What are the four BIOL. macromolecules

-Carbohydrate

-Proteins

-Nucleic acid

-Lipids

Whch macromolecules are polymers or Biological polymers

-Carbohydrates

-Proteins

-Nuclec acids

polymers vs. monomers

polymer are complex chains and monomers are small simple molecules

Hydration

adds water to break bonds

Dehydration

removes a water molecule to form a bond

Carbohydrates

serve as fuel and building material

What are the simplest carbohydrates

monosaccharides or single sugars

What are Carbohydrate polymers called

-disaccharides

-polysaccharides

what is the most common monosaccharide

Glucose (C6H12O6)

What are monosaccharides classified by

-the location of the carbonyl group (aldose or ketose)

-the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Aldose (Aldehyde Sugar)

Diagnal carbon oxygen double bond

Ketose (Ketone Sugar)

Linear carbon oxygen double bond

disaccharides

formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

polysaccharides

the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles

storage polysaccharides

starch and Glycogen

Starch

storage polysaccharide of plants consists entirely of glucose monomers

amylose

simplest form of starch

Glycogen

a storage polysaccharide in animals

usually stored in liver and muscle cells in vertebrates

celulose

a structural polysaccharide with a difference in the glycosidic linkages

chitin

a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of anthropods and the sell walls of many fungi

Lipids

-do not form polymers

-little to no attraction to water

-consist mainly of hydro carbons

most biologically important lipids

-fats

-phospholipids

-steriods

saturated fatty acids

no double bonds and max number of hydrogen

ex: butter

unsaturated fatty acids

have one or more double bonds

ex: oil

what is the major function of fats?

energy storage

hydrogenation

the process of adding hydrogens (which converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats)

Trans fats

when hydrogenation creates trans double bonds in unsaturated fats which then becomes saturated fats that contribute to cardiovascular disease

phospholipids

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

major component of all cell membranes

what happens to phospholipids in water

they assemble into a bilayer (so the hydrophilic phosphate heads are towards the water and the tails are in the interior and away from the water.

steriods

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

ex: cholesterol

Amino acids

have carboxyl and amino acidsand distinguished by r groups

Glycine (Gly or G)

Non-polar, hydrophobic

Alanine (Ala or A)

non-polar, hydrphobic

Valine (Val or V)

non-polar, hydrophobic

Leucine (Leu or L)

non-polar, hydrophobic

Isoleucine (Ile or I)

non polar, hydrophobic

Methionine (Met or M)

non-polar, hydrophobic

phenylalanine (Phe or F)

non polar hydrophobic

Tryptophan (Trp or W)

non-polar, hydrophobic

Proline (Pro or P)

no polar, hydrophobic

Serine (Ser or S)

Polar side chains, hydrophilic

Threonine (Thr or T)

polar side chains, hydrophilic

Cysteine (Cys or C)

polar side chains, hydrophilic

Tyrosine (Tyr or Y)

polar side chains, hydrophilic

Asparagine (Asn or N)

polar side chains, hydrophilic

Glutamine (Gln or Q)

polar side chains, hydrophilic

Asparatic acid (Asp or D)

acidic, negatively charged, hydrophilic

Glutamic acid (Glu or E)

acidic, negatively charged, hydrophilic

Lysine (Lys or K)

basic, positively charged, hydrophilic

Arginine (Arg or R)

Basic, positively charged, hydrophilic

Histidine (His or H)

basic, positively charged, hydrophilic

polypeptide=?

protein

peptide bonds

links amino acids

polypeptide

a polymer of amino acidsand has a amino end and a carboxyl end

cell theory

all organisms are made of cells

cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive

features both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have:

-plasma membrane

-semifluid substance (cytosol)

-chromosomes

-ribosomes (makes proteins)

prokaryotic cells

-no nucleus

-DNA is unbound in the nucleoid

-no membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells

-DNA is bound with a membrane

membrane bound organelles

-internal membranes

-larger than prokaryotic cells

nucleus

contains most of thee cells genes

nucleur envelope

encloses the nucleus

nuclear pores

regulate the entry and exit of molecules

nuclear lamina

composed of protein and maintains the shape the nucleus

chromatin

DNA associated with proteins in the nucleus

chromosomes

condensed chromatin to prepare to divide

nucleolus

located within RNA and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

ribosomes

particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein

carry out protein synthesis

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

more than half of the total membrane in the cell

continuous with the nuclear envelope

Types of ER and the difference

Smooth ER=without ribosomes

Rough ER=with ribosomes

smooth ER

synthesizes lipids

metabolizes carbohydrates

detoxifies drugs and poisons

stores calcium ions

rough ER

has bound ribosomes

distributes transport vesicles

is a transport membrane factory for the cell

Golgi Apparatus

they are flattened membrane sacs

modifies products of the ER

manufactures certain macromolecules

sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles