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Utilitarianism:

The ethical theory that says an action is morally right when it produces the greatest overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people.

Greatest Happiness Principle

John Stuart Mill's principle that actions are right when they increase happiness and wrong when they increase unhappiness

Harm Principle

John Stuart Mill's idea that people should be free to make their own choices as long as their actions do not harm other people

Virtue Ethics

An ethical theory that focuses on developing good character and virtues rather than simply following rules or looking at consequences. It asks, “What would a good person do?

Doctrine of the Mean

Aristotle's idea that virtue is found between two extremes: having too much of something and having too little. For example, courage is between cowardice and recklessness.

Character

A combination of traits and qualities that define an individual's moral and ethical behavior.

Care Ethics

An ethical theory that emphasizes relationships, empathy, caring, and responsibilities toward other people. It argues that moral decisions should consider people's individual needs and the relationships involved, rather than only applying universal rules.

Justice Ethics

An approach to ethics that focuses on fairness, equality, rights, and treating people appropriately

Altruism

The belief or practice of helping or benefiting other people without expecting something in return. May put others needs before their own.

Extreme Altruism

The idea that a person should put other people's needs or interests before their own to an extreme degree, even when doing so requires significant personal sacrifice.

Egoism

The ethical view that a person should act primarily in their own self-interest.

Liberal Individualism

The belief that individual people have important rights and freedoms and should generally be free to make their own choices. Unless they are interfering with the freedom of others

Free Speech

The right to express opinions, ideas, and beliefs without unfair government punishment or censorship

Prostitution

The exchange of sexual services for money or another form of payment.

Commodity

Something that can be bought, sold, or traded for money or another good