Unit 6

unit 12 forest stewardship council certified

from sources that use sustainable practices

forest

any ecosystem with a high density of trees

tropical rainforests

south and central america, africa

boreal forests

canada,scandanavia and russia

eastern united states and westerns holds how many forest types?

10 types , 13 types

forest covers what percent of the earths land surface

canopy

upper level of trees and branches in the treetop

subcanopy

the middle and lower portions of trees

understory

shrubs, small trees and plants on the forest floor

deforestation

the clearing and loss of forests

primary forest

natural uncut by people

secondary forest

contains second growth trees

concession

corporations pay gov right to take mine resources

REDD

reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degredation

forestry

forest management

resources management

strategies to manage and regulate renewable resources

maximum sustainable yield

aims to achieve amount of resources without depletion

ecosystem based management

managing resources to minimize impacts on ecosystems

adaptive management

testing different approaches and aiming to improve

national forests

public land set aside to growth trees

even aged stands

all trees are the same age

rotation time

trees cut after a certain time

clear cutting

all trees in the area are cut

seed tree approach

few seed-producing trees are left standing

Shelterwood approach

trees are left to provide shelter for the seedlings as they grow

selection systems

only select trees are cut

mutliple use

Policy managing national forests for multiple things

national forest management act

every nation forest formulate plans for renewability

plans written under the nation forest management act must

consider both economic and environmental factors

new forestry

calling for timber cuts that mimic natural events

controlled burns

area of forest burned to clear away fuel loads, nourish soil

salvage logging

removal of small trees by timber companies after a disturbance

sustainable forest certicication

products produced that are certified by orgs

national parks

public lands protected

national wildlife refuge system

made in 1903 by teddy roosevelt

wilderness areas

areas off limits to development for protection

land trusts

local orgs that purchase land to protect it

biosphere reserves

land with exceptional biodiversity

world heritage sites

another type of international protected area valued for natural value

transboundary parks

overlap national borders

peace parks

ease tensions acting as buffer between nations

debt for nature swap

Debt relief in exchange for environmental protection.

edge effects

conditions are different between fragments edge and interior

island biogeograghy theory

species come to be distributed among oceanic islands

distance effect

the farther an island, the less species find and colonize it

area effect

large islands have more species than small islands

species area curves

relationship between size of an island and the species amount

SLOSS dilemma

a single large reserve or several small reserves

corridor

protect land that allows animals to travel between islands

chapter 14 BPA all factors

linked to cancer,nerve damage and misscarrages, leaches into everything

environmental health

asses environmental factors that influence human health

physical hazards

earthquakes, volcanoes, sunlight intensity

chemical hazards

synthetic chemicals such as pesticides

four types of environmental hazards

Biological(viruses), Cultural(smoking),infectious disease,vector

infectious disease

species parasitize humans

vector

an organism that transfers pathogen

toxicology

study effects of poisonous substances on humans

toxicity

degree of harm a toxicant can inflict

toxicant

any toxic substance

Environmental toxicology

deals with toxic substances that come from or into environment

radon

highly toxic colorless and undetectable gas

asbestos

mineral that insulates and resists fire

asbestosis

inhale asbestose and can lead to lung cancer

toxins

made in tissues of living organisms

Carcinogens

substances that cause cancer

mutagens

substances that cause DNA mutations

Teratogens

chemicals that cause birth defects in embryos

Nurotoxins

toxicants that assault the nervous system

Allergens

toxicants that overactivate the immune system

pathway inhibitors

toxicants that affect biochemical processes by blocking

endocrine dysruptors

toxicants affect hormone systems

acute exposure

high exposure for short periods of time

chronic exposure

low exposure for long periods of time

Bioaccmulation

process of toxicants building up in animal tissues to greater concentration than environment

Biomagnefication

occurs when concentrations of toxicants magnify into higher levels of the food chain

case histories

studies of individual patients

Epidemiological studies

large scale comparison between exposed and unexposed

Dose-response analysis

testing method that measures the effect a toxicant produces

Dose

amount of substance the test animal receives

Response

the type or magnitude of negative effects

Dose-response curve

the dose plotted against the response

LD50/ED50

the amount of toxicant required to kill in 50% of test subjects

Threshold dose

level where toxicants response occurs

Synergistic effects

interactive impacts greater than sum of their constituent effects

Toxic substances control act

directs EPA to monitor thousands of chemical made in usa

Chaper 23 rock

a solid aggregation of minerals

mineral

naturally occurring solid chemcial element

smelting

heating an ore beyond melting point

tailings

ore left over after metals have been extracted

surface impoundments

waste water is stored in large reservoirs

strip mining

method of mining shallow horizontal deposits

acid drainage

sulfide minerals in exposed rock from sulfuric acid

subsurface mines

mines that access deep pockets

Open pit mining

is used with evenly distributed minerals

Placer mining

mining that uses running water to separate the lighter materials

Reclamation

restoration that aims to bring a site to it’s original condition

General Mining Act of 1872

act that encourages metal and mineral mining on federal land