Cancer and Oncology Nursing Review

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering cell cycle phases, cancer pathophysiology, screening guidelines, TNM staging, warning signs, and treatment modalities.

In children, the two most common types of cancer are leukemia and __________.

brain tumors

The two main classification categories of cancer are solid tumor and __________.

hematological

Hematological cancers include leukemia, lymphoma, and __________.

multiple myeloma

In the cell cycle, __________ is the resting or dormant phase.

$$G_0$$

In the cell cycle, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein syntheses are increased and cell growth occurs during the __________ phase.

$$G_1$$

During the cell cycle, nucleic acids are synthesized and chromosomes are replicated in preparation for mitosis during the __________ phase.

S

A __________ is defined as a collection of cells that grows independently of its surrounding structures and has no physiological purpose.

neoplasm

Unlike benign growths, a __________ tumor will recur, continue to grow, spread, and result in death if not treated.

malignant

Carcinogens cause mutations in cellular DNA, giving rise to __________, which are genes that promote cell proliferation.

oncogenes

Normal genes that inhibit cell proliferation but become inactive through deletion or mutation are called __________ genes.

tumor suppressor

Examples of oncogenes that promote cell proliferation include __________.

BRCA 1 & 2

The common sites for cancer cell metastasis include the liver, lung, bones, lymph nodes, and __________.

brain

Risk factor modification, immunizations such as HPV and hepatitis C, and chemoprevention are examples of __________ prevention.

Primary

Early screening and detection of cancer represent __________ prevention.

Secondary

Women aged 40 and older should receive an annual __________ for breast cancer screening.

mammogram

Cervical cancer screening with a Pap test begins at age __________.

21

Regular screening for colon cancer should begin at age __________.

45

Annual lung cancer screening with low-dose CT (LDCT) is recommended for individuals aged 55 to 74 who have at least a __________ pack-year smoking history.

30

In the CAUTION warning signs acronym for cancer, the letter C stands for __________.

change in bowel or bladder habits

In the CAUTION warning signs acronym for cancer, the letter T stands for __________.

thickening or lump in the breast or any other part of body

In the CAUTION warning signs acronym for cancer, the letter N stands for __________.

nagging cough or hoarseness

All hematological cancers are classified as stage __________ at diagnosis because the disease is not well contained or localized.

IV

In the TNM classification system chart, a tumor designated as Tis indicates __________.

Carcinoma in situ

In TNM staging according to the chart, N1 indicates ipsilateral palpable nodes $3\,\text{cm}$ or less in diameter, while N3 indicates fixed palpable nodes greater than __________ in diameter.

$$6\,\text{cm}$$

When internal radiation is administered using unsealed isotopes, the patient emits radiation and waste products are __________ until the body eliminates the radioisotope.

radioactive

When internal radiation is administered using sealed or solid isotopes (such as seeds or implants), the patient emits radiation, but waste products are __________.

not radioactive

In chemotherapy, the term __________ refers to the time when blood count is at its lowest, typically 7 to 10 days post-treatment.

nadir

The Biologic Response Modifiers Neupogen and Neulasta are administered to treat chemotherapy-induced __________.

neutropenia

Growth factors such as Aranesp and Epogen are used to treat chemotherapy-induced __________.

Anemia & thrombocytopenia

According to the Growth Factors table, Filgrastim acts as a __________ growth factor.

granulocyte

According to the Growth Factors table, Sargramostim can cause an allergic or anaphylactic reaction with the __________ dose.

first

Oprelvekin is classified as a __________ growth factor.

platelet

The hormonal therapy agent Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) functions as an __________.

antiestrogen

The hormonal therapy agent Anastrozole (Arimidex) functions as an __________.

estrogen hormone inhibitor