Criminal Justice Unit 1 Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering the historical development of law codes, key legal milestones, eras of policing, constitutional amendments, and components of the criminal justice system.

Code of Ur-Nammu

The oldest known code of law in existence; written on Sumerian tablets in 2100 BCE.

Code of Hammurabi

Babylonian code of law written on stone that is dated back to 1754 BC.

Lex talionis

An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

5 Punishments

Tattooing, cutting off the nose, amputation of feet, castration, or death.

Draco's Code of Law

Created by a lawman of Athens, Greece circa 600 BCE, who replaced the oral code of law to be enforced in court.

Book of Leviticus

Third book of the Old Testament of the Bible that had moral, ritual, and legal rules around 550 BCE.

Arthashastra

Indian manuscript written around 200 BCE, which had law and court rules.

Justinian Code

Byzantine code of law started by Justinian I, who revamped the Greek and Roman laws.

Sharia Law

Islamic religious law based on the Qur'an.

Corporal Punishment

Physical punishment.

Magna Carta

A charter agreed to by King John of England in 1215 which gave freedom to the individual person.

English Common Law

Body of law created by judges in England, and not the king.

English Bill of Rights

Enacted by English Parliament in 1689 against the King of England for certain rights and liberties.

Napoleonic Code

French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804.

American Bill of Rights

First 10 Amendments added to the US Constitution in 1791.

Constable

The person who oversaw weapons & horses during medieval times in England.

Shire-reeve

Medieval name for the sheriff.

Watch & ward

24-hour protection in urban environments; during the day and night.

Henry Fielding

A lawyer & playwright who was appointed magistrate and fought for social & criminal reform, founded the Bow Street Runners in 1749.

Sir Robert Peel

Prime minister of England and considered the father of English law enforcement, founded the Metropolitan Police Department.

August Vollmer

Father of Modern Law Enforcement and he was the leading figure in criminal justice reform in the 20th century.

Texas Rangers

Founded in 1835 by Stephen F. Austin; today they investigate cold cases, rural crimes, major crimes and they investigate police officers accused of corruption.

Political Era

The period from 1840 to 1920's when police agencies were first established to provide a unified law enforcement force in the major American cities.

Professional Era

The period from 1920's to 1970's when there was a call for the establishment of measures to assist law enforcement agencies to improve their effectiveness and become more professional.

Community Era

The period from 1970's to 2001 when it was advocated for law enforcement to move away from the crime-fighting focus of law enforcement towards a greater emphasis on maintaining order and providing service to the community.

Main Components of the Criminal Justice System

Law enforcement, Courts, Correction.

10th Amendment

Covers any powers not delegated to the federal gov't by the Constitution nor prohibited by the states.

4th Amendment

Protects people from unreasonable search and seizures by the gov't.

5th Amendment

Protects individuals from gov't abuse and self-incrimination in criminal and civil legal proceedings.

Courtroom Personnel

Judge, Jury, Victim, Defendant, Prosecutor, and Defense Attorny.

Criminal Justice System

Network of government agencies and legal processes destined to enforce laws.