Study Guide Questions

describe anatomical position

face is looking forward, feet are together with toes facing forward, and arms are to the side with the palms facing forward

coronal/frontal plane

body divided into front and back

sagittal plane

body is divided into left and right

transverse plane

body is divided into top and bottom

what bones make up the axial skeleton

cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

synovial joints

designed for movement

solid joints

designed for stability

CNS structures

brain and spinal cord

PNS structures

nervous structures outside of the brain and spinal cord (including the cranial nerves, visceral nerves, nerve plexuses, and enteric system)

visceral NS

autonomic NS, motor and sensory components, sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic system (rest and digest)

somatic NS

controlled muscle movements

Afferent vs Efferent

incoming sensory info = afferent

motor info being sent to muscles = efferent

what is a dermatome?

each spinal nerve is responsible for carrying sensory information from a specific area on the skin. These areas are known as dermatomes. (think derma for skin for sensory)

what is a myotome?

each spinal nerve is responsible for carrying motor info to a specific muscle or portion of a muscle. (think m for muscle for motor info).

what connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

sternoclavicular joint (sternum to clavicle)

briefly describe the brachial plexus

innervates the upper limb and is formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

actions of the scapulothoracic joint

upward and downward rotation, protraction and retraction (abduction/adduction), elevation and depression

actions of the GH joint

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal and external rotation

actions of the elbow joint

flexion and extension

actions of the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint

pronation and supination

actions of the radiocarpal joint

flexion and extension, radial and ulnar deviation

actions of the MCP joint of digits 2-5

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

actions of the PIP joints

flexion and extension

thumb actions

CMC radial abduction (thumbs up), radial adduction (resting pos), palmar abduction (move anteriorly), palmar adduction (resting pos)

shoulder abduction functional activities

putting on deodorant, doing jumping jacks

shoulder flexion functional activities

reaching for something on a high shelf, changing a lightbulb

elbow flexion functional activities

feeding self, applying makeup, brushing hair

elbow extension functional activities

reaching for something away from body, swinging a baseball, pushing self up from floor

thumb palmar abduction functional activities

grasping a cup, writing, opening a water bottle

primary and secondary curvatures of the spine

primary: thoracic and sacral (concave anteriorly)

secondary: cervical and lumbar (concave posteriorly)

how many total vertebrae are in the back?

33

what are the sections and how many vertebrae are in each

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 3-4 coccygeal (fused)

what is the significance of the atlas and axis vertebra?

the atlas is C1 and does not have a body. there is also no intervertebral disk between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2). The atlas articulates with the skull allowing the head to nod up and down.

what is important about the ligamentum nuchae?

supports the head, resists neck flexion, facilitates returning the head to anatomical position, and serves as attachment point for upper traps

what is important about the thoracolumbar fascia?

three layers covering the deep back muscles. attachment site for latissimus dorsi at spinous process T12-L5

Upper trap origin

external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process C7

upper trap insertion

lateral 1/3 of clavicle and acromion process of scapula

upper trap actions

elevation and upward rotation of scapula

upper trap innervation

spinal accessory nerve XI

middle trap origin

spinous process T1-T5

middle trap insertion

medial margin of acromion and superior lip of spine of scapula

middle trap action

retraction of scapula

middle trap innervation

spinal accessory nerve

lower trap origin

spinous process T6-T12

lower trap insertion

tubercle at apex of spine of scapula

lower trap action

depression and upward rotation of scapula

lower trap innervation

spinal accessory nerve

latissimus dorsi origin

spinous process T6-T12, last 3-4 ribs via thoracolumbar fascia, slip from inferior angle of scapula

latissimus dorsi insertion

intertubercular groove of humerus

latissimus dorsi action

internal rotation, adduction, and extension of GH joint

latissimus dorsi innervation

thoracodorsal nerve

teres major origin

dorsal surface of inferior angle and lower 1/3 of lateral border of scapula

teres major insertion

crest of lesser tubercle of humerus

teres major action

internal rotation, adduction, extension of GH joint

teres major innervation

lower subscapular nerve

rhomboid major origin

spinous process T2-T5

rhomboid major insertion

medial border of scapula

rhomboid major actions

downward rotation and retraction of scapula

rhomboid major innervation

dorsal scapular nerve

rhomboid minor origin

ligamentum nuchae and spinous process C7-T1

rhomboid minor insertion

medial border of scapula at root of spine

rhomboid minor actions

downward rotation and retraction of scapula

rhomboid minor innervation

dorsal scapular nerve

levator scapulae origin

transverse process C1-C4

levator scapulae insertion

medial border of scapula

levator scapulae actions

elevation and downward rotation of scapula

levator scapulae innervation

dorsal scapular nerve

what level of spinal cord injury can result in respiratory difficulty?

C1-C5 bc the phrenic nerve that innervates the diaphragm is at root levels C3-C5, so any injury at or above this level will impact the diaphragm function

what level of spinal cord injury can result in upper limb difficulty?

C1-T1 bc the brachial plexus is comprised of C5-T1, so any injury at or above this level will cause upper limb difficulty

immediately following an injury, why can spinal cord levels be affected that were not actually injured

edema from the injury can cause impairment to neighboring spinal cord level

what joints make up the shoulder complex?

sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and glenohumeral joint (synovial joints). the scapulothoracic joint is involved, but is NOT a synovial joint

what structures gives the GH joint stability

rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

also the long head of the biceps

where is the tendon of the long head of the biceps?

originates at the supraglenoid tubercle and passes through the joint capsule laterally and then inferiorly through the intertubercular groove

what is the quadrangular space?

passageway for the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. the boarders are the inferior margin of teres minor, surgical neck of humerus, superior margin of teres major, and lateral margin of the long head of the triceps.

what structures make up the boarder of the triangular interval?

long head of the triceps brachii, the humerus bone, and the teres major

what structures are found within the triangular interval?

radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

anterior deltoid origin

lateral 1/3 of clavicle

anterior deltoid insertion

deltoid tuberosity

anterior deltoid action

GH abduction, flexion, internal rotation

anterior deltoid innervation

axillary nerve

middle deltoid origin

superior acromion process

middle deltoid insertion

deltoid tuberosity

middle deltoid action

GH abduction

middle deltoid innervation

axillary nerve

posterior deltoid origin

inferior lip of spine of scapula

posterior deltoid insertion

deltoid tuberosity

posterior deltoid action

GH abduction, extension, external rotation

posterior deltoid innervation

axillary nerve

supraspinatus origin

supraspinous fossa

supraspinatus insertion

superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus and joint capsule

supraspinatus action

GH abduction and stabilizes the humerus

supraspinatus innervation

suprascapular nerve

infraspinatus origin

infraspinous fossa

infraspinatus insertion

middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus and joint capsule

infraspinatus action

GH external rotation and stabilizes humeral head

infraspinatus innervation

suprascapular nerve

teres minor origin

upper 2/3 of dorsal surface of lateral border of scapula

teres minor insertion

inferior facet of greater tubercle and joint capsule

teres minor action

GH external rotation and stabilizes humeral head

teres minor innervation

axillary nerve