Anatomy Lecture Test #2 Review

What is not a function of a bone?

a. support and protection

b.blood cell formation

c. provide blood flow

c. provide blood flow

What is the dense outer layer of the bone?

compact bone

What part of the bone provides strength and support?

Compact Bone

What is the inner layer of the bone?

Spongy Bone

what part of the bone hold bone marrow?

Spongy bone

soft tissue inside certain bones

bone marrow

What stores fat and produces different blood cells?

bone marrow

What is the fat in the bone?

yellow marrow

What is the different blood cells in the bone?

red marrow

What is the end piece of a long bone?

epiphysis

What is the part of the bone that is usually wider than the shaft?

Epiphysis

What is the long, middle shaft of a long bone?

diaphysis

What part of a long bone usually contains yellow marrow?

Diaphysis

What part of the bone is described as thin, flat, and usually curved?

Flat bone

What has two layers of compact bone and middle layer of spongy bone?

flat bone

What is the "Haversian system" or "osteon" the structural unit of?

compact bone

What part of the bone is microscopic and cylindrical?

osteon

What are circular rings of calcified collagen fibers and minerals that make up the majority of the osteon?

Lamellae

What is the central canal in an osteon?

Haversian canal

What contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone?

Haversian Canal

What is one of the three major types of bone cells?

osteocyte

What keeps bone healthy by noticing damage or low mineral areas and signaling for other cells to repair?

osteocyte

How does osteocyte keep bone healthy?

noticing damage or low mineral areas and signals for other cells to repair

What builds new bone?

osteoblasts

breaks down and resorbs old or damaged bone tissue to help the body maintain calcium balance and remodel bones.

osteoclasts

what is the large, rounded bump on a bone where muscles or ligaments attach?

Tuberosity

what is the narrow, prominent ridge where muscles or ligaments attach?

crest

What is the rounded, smooth projection at the end of a bone that forms part of a joint with another bone?

condyle

a natural body opening, canal, or passage leading to the interior of the body

meatus

this is a cavity or hollow space within a bone, often air-filled and usually lines with mucous membrane:

sinus

this is a shallow depression or hollow in a bone, often serving as a space for another bone, muscle, or organ to sit

fossa

hole or opening in a bone that allows nerves, blood vessels, or ligaments to pass through

foramen

these are the immovable joints between the different bones in the skull

sutures

What is the soft spots on a baby's skull, where bones are not fused called?

Fontanels

What is made of fibrous connective tissue?

Fontanels

What are the spaces between skull bones that some individuals form?

Wormian bones

these are extra and not necessary and suture shaped:

wormian bones

What are the deep cavities in the skull that house the eyes?

orbits

What is the depression in the skull that holds the pituitary gland?

Sella Turcica

What is the portion of the skull that forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

cribriform plate

What are the 3 kinds of Vertebrae?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

What region is the cervical vertebrae found?

neck region

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

What region is the thoracic vertebrae found?

chest region

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

What region is lumbar vertebrae found?

lower back

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

What is the sacrum made of?

5 fused vertebrae

What is the coccyx made of?

made of 4 fused vertebrae

What supports the skull?

atlas

What is the first cervical vertebra?

atlas

What is the second cervical vertebra?

axis

What part has "dens" that projects upward acting as a "pivot" for rotation

axis

these are the fibrocartilagionous cushions between vertebrae?

intervertebral discs

What are between the vertebrae?

fibrocartilaginous cushions

What allows for shock absorption and bendability?

intervertebral discs

this is considered the breastbone:

Sternum

this a flat bone, that helps protect the heart and connect the ribs:

sternum

What attaches directly to the sternum via cartilage?

true rib

What are ribs 1-7?

true ribs

These do not attach directly to the sternum, their cartilage attaches to cartilage above them:

false ribs

What are ribs 8-10?

false ribs

What are ribs 11-12?

floating ribs

Which ribs do not attach to the sternum at all?

floating ribs

a place where two or more bones meet:

joint

What joint has dense connective tissue between bones, no movement?

Fibrous

What joint is where the bones are joined by cartilage, slightly moveable?

cartilaginous

What type of joint is bones separated by fluid-filled cavity and very mobile?

synovial

connective tussles that connect bone to bone at joints:

ligaments

how do ligaments connect?

bone to bone

strong, bands of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone

tendons

how do tendons connect?

muscle to bone

fluid-filled sacs near joints

bursae

What attaches on sides of the knee?

2 "collateral ligaments"

What attaches inside the knee joint, crosses like an "X"

2 "cruciate" ligaments

four muscles and their tendons which stabilize the shoulder joint:

rotator cuff

What movement decreases the angle between two body parts?

flexion

what movement increases the angle between two body parts?

extension

What is it called when a joint is extended beyond its normal straightened position?

hyperextension

What movement is a decrease in the angle between the dorsal part of the foot and the leg?

dorsiflexion

What movement increases the angle between the top of the foot and the shin?

plantar flexion

What type of movement is when a body part moves away from the midline of the body

abduction

What type of movement is when the body part moves towards the midline of the body?

adduction

What is the position called when the position of forearm has the palms facing up or the foots weight is shifted to the outer edge?

supination

What is the position called when the forearms position has palms facing down or the position of the foots weight is shifted to the inner edge/arch/

pronation

What is the movement of the foot at the ankle joint where the sole of the foot is turned inward toward the midline of the body?

inversion

What is the movement the foot at the ankle joint the sole of the foot turns outward, away from the midline of the body?

eversion

movement where a body part glides forward on a plane parallel to the ground

protraction

moving a body part backward or toward the midline

retraction

What type of fracture is when the bone breaks but does not pierce the skin?

closed fracture

What type of fracture is when the bone breaks and pierces the skin?

open fracture (compound)

What type of fracture is a partial bone break on only one side?

greenstick fracture

what type of fracture is the bone breaking into several pieces?

comminuted fracture

what is type of fracture is the bone twisted apart in a spiral pattern?

spiral fracture

tiny, hairline crack in a bone that develops from repeated mechanical overload or overuse rather than a single acute trauma.

stress fracture

What are the steps to fracture healing?

hematoma, soft callus forms, hard callus forms, bone is remodeled

what step of fracture healing is blood clot forming?

Hematoma

what step of fracture healing is a soft callus forms, cartilage fills gaps?

soft callus

what step of fracture healing is when spongy bone forms?

hard callus forming

this step is when the bone is remodeled into strong compact bone:

final step of fracture healing