dental

Trigeminal nerve branches

The four branches are Ophthalmic (V1), Maxillary (V2), Mandibular (V3), and the main trunk.

Hypoglossal nerve

Cranial nerve (CN XII) that provides motor function to the tongue.

Facial nerve function

Cranial nerve (CN VII) that provides taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue via chorda tympani.

Major salivary glands

The three pairs are Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.

Muscles of mastication

Masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles elevate the mandible during chewing.

Lateral pterygoid function

Muscle responsible for depressing the mandible.

Types of tongue papillae

The four types are Filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate.

Filiform papillae

Papillae on the tongue that do NOT contain taste buds.

Normal resting heart rate

60-100 beats per minute for adults.

Normal blood pressure

Less than 120/80 mmHg for adults.

Primary lymph nodes of the head and neck

Submandibular, submental, cervical chain, occipital, preauricular, and postauricular.

Parotid gland secretion

The parotid gland secretes serous saliva (watery).

Submandibular and sublingual glands secretion

These glands secrete mixed serous and mucous saliva.

Permanent teeth count

There are 32 permanent teeth.

Primary teeth count

There are 20 primary teeth.

Streptococcus mutans

Bacteria primarily associated with dental caries.

Red complex bacteria

Bacteria associated with periodontal disease, including P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan wall, staining purple.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan wall and outer membrane, staining pink.

Humoral immunity

Type of immunity involving antibodies produced by B cells.

Cell-mediated immunity

Type of immunity involving direct cell attack by T cells.

Most common oral fungal infection

Candidiasis, caused by Candida albicans.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

Virus that causes herpes labialis (cold sores).

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

Virus that causes chickenpox and shingles.

Stages of biofilm formation

1) Pellicle formation 2) Initial colonization 3) Co-aggregation 4) Maturation.

Early colonizers of dental plaque

Streptococcus species, including S. sanguis and S. mitis.

Hepatitis B incubation period

45-180 days, average 60-90 days.

Scarlet fever manifestation

Presents with 'strawberry tongue'.

Measles manifestation

Presents with 'koplik spots'.

Hepatitis A transmission

Transmitted fecal-oral.

HIV testing window period

3-12 weeks after exposure.

Leukoplakia definition

White patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off or diagnosed as another lesion.

Erythroplakia definition

Red patch that cannot be diagnosed as another condition, with a higher malignant potential than leukoplakia.

Most common oral cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma (90% of oral cancers).

Common locations for oral cancer

Lateral border of tongue, floor of mouth, soft palate.

Mucocele definition

Fluid-filled swelling caused by trauma to the salivary duct, usually on the lower lip.

Ranula definition

Mucocele on the floor of the mouth from the sublingual gland.

Aphthous ulcers etiology

Unknown; associated with stress, hormones, trauma, nutritional deficiency.

Aphthous vs. Herpetic lesions

Aphthous lesions are non-contagious, inside the mouth; herpetic lesions are contagious with vesicles on keratinized tissue.

Lichen planus definition

Chronic autoimmune condition with white lacy patterns (Wickham’s striae).

Pemphigus vulgaris definition

Autoimmune blistering disease affecting skin and mucosa.

Torus palatinus definition

Benign bony growth in the midline of the hard palate.

Torus mandibularis definition

Benign bony growth on the lingual surface of mandible near premolars.

Amelogenesis imperfecta definition

Hereditary defect in enamel formation.

Dentinogenesis imperfecta definition

Hereditary defect in dentin formation causing amber/blue-gray teeth.

Tetracycline staining etiology

Caused by tetracycline antibiotic taken during tooth development, from pregnancy through age 8.

Lidocaine maximum dose for healthy adult

4.4 mg/kg (maximum 300 mg).

Lidocaine with epinephrine maximum dose

7 mg/kg (maximum 500 mg).

ASA classification meaning

American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification.

ASA I definition

Normal healthy patient.

ASA II definition

Patient with mild systemic disease.

ASA III definition

Patient with severe systemic disease.

Prophylaxis requirements

Certain cardiac conditions requiring antibiotic prophylaxis before dental treatment.

Antibiotic prophylaxis regimen

Amoxicillin 2g orally 30-60 minutes before the procedure.

Alternative for penicillin allergy

Clindamycin 600mg, azithromycin 500mg, or cephalexin 2g.

Drugs causing gingival hyperplasia

Calcium channel blockers, phenytoin, cyclosporine.

Drugs causing xerostomia

Anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidepressants, antihypertensives.

Local anesthetic overdose antidote

Supportive care, oxygen, benzodiazepines for seizures.

Opioid overdose antidote

Naloxone (Narcan).

Benzodiazepine overdose antidote

Flumazenil.

Signs of local anesthetic toxicity

CNS: talkativeness, anxiety, seizures; CVS: hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmia.

Epinephrine drug interactions

Non-selective beta blockers, tricyclic antidepressants causing hypertensive crisis.

Nitrous oxide concentration for dental sedation

25-50% nitrous oxide with oxygen.

Contraindications for nitrous oxide

Pregnancy (1st trimester), COPD, recent eye surgery, middle ear obstruction.

Safest analgesic during pregnancy

Acetaminophen (Category B).

Safe antibiotics during pregnancy

Penicillin and cephalosporins (avoid tetracycline).

Definition of gingivitis

Inflammation of gingiva without loss of attachment or bone.

Definition of periodontitis

Inflammation with loss of attachment and alveolar bone.

Normal sulcus depth

1-3 mm.

Periodontal pocket depth

4 mm or greater with attachment loss.

Pseudopocket definition

Increased probing depth without attachment loss due to gingival enlargement.

Stages of periodontal disease

Stage I (Initial), Stage II (Moderate), Stage III (Severe), Stage IV (Very Severe).

Grades of periodontal disease

Grade A (Slow), Grade B (Moderate), Grade C (Rapid progression).

Clinical attachment level (CAL) definition

Distance from CEJ to base of pocket.

Signs of healthy gingiva

Pink, firm, stippled, knife-edged margins, no bleeding on probing.

Signs of inflamed gingiva

Red, swollen, smooth/shiny, bleeds easily, rolled margins.

Supragingival vs. subgingival calculus

Supragingival: above gumline; Subgingival: below gumline.

Mineral source for supragingival calculus

Saliva.

Mineral source for subgingival calculus

Gingival crevicular fluid.

Aggressive periodontitis bacteria

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa).

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) definition

Acute painful infection with necrosis of interdental papillae (punched-out appearance).

Signs of NUG

Punched-out papillae, pseudomembrane, pain, bleeding, halitosis, fever.

Systemic conditions associated with periodontitis

Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, respiratory disease.

Goal of scaling and root planing

Remove calculus, plaque, and diseased cementum to create smooth root surface.

Difference between scaling and root planing

Scaling removes calculus; root planing smooths root surface.

Maintenance interval for periodontal patients

Every 3-4 months, individualized based on disease severity.

Radiolucent definition

Dark/black on radiograph, indicating less dense structures.

Radiopaque definition

White/light on radiograph, indicating more dense structures.

Most radiopaque structure in the body

Enamel.

Order of radiographic density (most to least)

Enamel, Dentin, Bone, Soft tissue.

ALARA meaning

As Low As Reasonably Achievable, a principle of radiation protection.

Maximum permissible dose for occupational exposure

5 rem (50 mSv) per year.

Maximum permissible dose for the general public

0.1 rem (1 mSv) per year.

Elongation error on radiographs cause

Insufficient vertical angulation (too flat).

Foreshortening error cause

Excessive vertical angulation (too steep).

Overlapping on radiographs cause

Incorrect horizontal angulation.

Periapical radiograph use

Shows entire tooth from crown to apex plus surrounding bone.

Bitewing radiograph use

Shows crowns and interproximal areas, detecting caries and bone levels.

Panoramic radiograph use

Shows entire maxilla, mandible, TMJ, sinuses for a broad overview.

Radiolucency at apex of non-vital tooth

Periapical abscess or granuloma.