Chapter 1: Health and Wellness

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering health conceptualizations, chronic vs. acute conditions, models of health promotion, and the determinants of health from Chapter 1.

Wellness

A dynamic state of health and lifelong pursuit in which an individual progresses toward a higher level of functioning, achieving an optimum balance between internal and external environments.

Health (WHO, $1984$)

The extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment; viewed as a positive resource for everyday living rather than the objective of living.

Illness

A subjective personal experience of loss of health that exists along a continuum with health.

Disease

An objective state of ill health where pathological processes can be detected by medical science.

Labonte's Health, Disease, and Illness Interaction Model

A multidimensional conceptual model featuring overlapping domains where Circle A represents health/wellness, Circle B represents subjective illness, and Circle F represents diagnosed pathology, demonstrating that individuals can experience health while diagnosed with a disease (Area G) or experience illness without identifiable pathology (Circle B).

Acute Illness

A health condition characterized by a rapid onset, usually a single etiology, short duration, commonly accurate diagnosis, decisive tests, and a common likelihood of cure.

Chronic Illness

A health problem persisting over extended periods that often produces activity limitations, featuring a gradual onset, multiple causes, indefinite duration, often uncertain early diagnosis, and rare cure.

Chronic Illness Trajectory

A framework mapping the fluctuating course of chronic illness through specific phases over time: onset, stable, acute, comeback, crisis, downward, and dying.

Virtual Ward

An innovative care delivery model evaluated in Canada that provides coordinated, multidisciplinary post-discharge care to patients with complex chronic illnesses in their home environment.

Morbidity

The rate of disease or illness within a specified population.

Mortality

The rate of deaths within a specified population.

Sick Role (Medical Focus)

A sociological concept outlining four characteristics: exemption from normal social roles, non-responsibility for condition, an obligation to want to get well, and an obligation to seek and cooperate with healthcare professionals.

Multilevel Causes of Chronic Diseases

A causal framework illustrating how underlying determinants (globalization, urbanization, population ageing) drive common modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, precipitating intermediate risk factors that culminate in major chronic diseases.

Complementary Health

Non-conventional healthcare practices and therapies used alongside or together with conventional medicine.

Alternative Health

Non-conventional healthcare practices used in place of conventional medicine.

Integrative Health

A model that systematically coordinates conventional and complementary therapies, prioritizing holistic, client-focused healthcare.

Medical Approach to Health

An orientation positing that medical intervention restores health, defining health issues primarily as physiological risk factors and precursors to disease, while placing minimal focus on promotion and prevention.

Behavioural Approach to Health (Lalonde Report, $1974$)

A perspective established in Marc Lalonde's A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians that conceptualized health determinants into four areas: lifestyle, environment, human biology, and healthcare organization, with primary attention given to personal lifestyle choices.

Socioenvironmental Approach to Health

An approach establishing that health is directly shaped by social structures and environmental hazards (such as poverty, air pollution, and unsafe working conditions), emphasizing connectedness, empowerment, and self-efficacy.

Dimensions of Health and Well-Being (Labonte, $1993$)

A model highlighting the intersection of Physical (vitality, energy), Mental (meaning, purpose), and Social (connectedness, community) dimensions to achieve complete well-being and life control.

Ottawa Charter Action Strategies ($1986$)

Five key strategies for health promotion established in $1986$: $1.$ Build healthy public policy, $2.$ Create supportive environments, $3.$ Strengthen community action, $4.$ Develop personal skills, and $5.$ Reorient health services.

Epp Report Framework ($1986$)

A Canadian health promotion framework aimed at achieving health for all by confronting three challenges (reducing inequities, increasing prevention, enhancing coping) via three mechanisms (self-care, mutual aid, healthy environments) and three implementation strategies.

Social Determinants of Health Domains (Healthy People $2030$)

Five overarching domains influencing population outcomes: Economic Stability, Education Access and Quality, Healthcare Access and Quality, Neighborhood and Built Environment, and Social and Community Context.

Population Health

An approach that addresses the full range of individual and collective factors/conditions that determine health status and their interactions when designing health improvement actions.

Determinants of Health

The complex array of social, economic, physical, and personal factors that influence health status and determine health outcomes across a population.

Health Promotion

Interventions and activities directed toward enabling people to increase control over and improve their overall level of well-being and self-actualization.

Disease Prevention

Specific actions aimed at avoiding or forestalling the occurrence, manifestation, or progression of illness and disease.

Primary Prevention

Activities designed to provide protection against a disease before any signs and symptoms occur (e.g., immunizations).

Secondary Prevention

Activities focused on the early detection and screening of disease to halt its progression.

Tertiary Prevention

Interventions introduced during the convalescence stage to rehabilitate the individual and prevent progression or complications.

Health Disparities

Differences in health status across population groups arising from systemic social, economic, or environmental barriers.

Health Inequities

Unfair, avoidable differences in health status resulting from inequitable economic and social policies that govern access to the determinants of health.

Equality vs. Equity

Equality refers to giving every person or group the exact same resources, whereas equity involves distributing resources according to specific needs to enable equal health outcomes.

Population Health Promotion Model (Hamilton & Bhatti, $1996$)

A 3D cube model integrating WHAT action can be taken (determinants of health), HOW action can be taken (Ottawa Charter strategies), WHO action can be taken with (levels of society), and WHY action is taken (evidence-based values and assumptions).