131 SA practice 1

Define Homeostasis

What is a ‘-’ feedback loop?

Describe the ‘generalized cell’, its components, and their functions.

Describe the different types of membrane transport

Describe the 4 tissue types in the body; function and their common cell types

Where is myelin produced?

Define 'hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How do these membrane properties affect permeability

What are the key differences between active and passive permeability?

Key functions of mitochondria? What cell types have more mitochondria than the average cell?

What are the different functions of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules?

What are two functions of epithelium?

Compare cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle.

Identify two neuroglia cells and their function

What cell produces myelin at the PNS? the CNS?

How does myelination affect electric transmission?

Describe the anatomy of compact and spongey bone.

Name and differentiate the functions of each cell type found in bone.

Describe the steps of intramembraneous ossification (osteogenesis).

Describe steps of endochondrial ossification (osteogenesis)

Endochondrial vs. Intramembraneous ossification

Describe steps of bone remodelling via mechanical stress.

Define BMD and its influence on bone health. how is it measured?

Describe the functions of the skeletal system.

What is the difference between compact and spongey bone?

Diaphyses vs. Epiphyses:

Describe bone remodelling - mechanical stress.

Describe how bone can help maintain calcium homeostasis/

Describe the mechanisms behind pagets, rickets, and osteoporosis. Management?

How would you manage Pagets disease?

What are the effects of exercise on BMD?

Describe the steps of cross bridge cycling.

Describe the events of excitation contraction coupling.

Describe the 3 myofibre metabolic pathways and their enzymes.

Define the different muscle contraction types and their influence on muscle force generation.

What contributes to total force product, and the RATE at which they contract?

what is the molecular machinery that allows one fibre to twitch at a rapid rate?

Why do fast twitch fibres produce more force at a higher rate than slow twitch fibres?

Why does increasing A.P. frequency lead to greater peak tension?

Why is there a prolonged latent period during isotonic concentric twitch as load increases?

Muscle tissue is excitable. What does this mean?

How do the elastic properties of muscle contribute to force generation?

The myofibre loses its SR. Explain the effects this would have on muscle func. / contraction

Give 1 explanation as to why myofibres are multinucleated.

S.C. lose ability to self-renew. How would this affect muscle adaptation long term?

What myofilaments are found in the A-band?

Explain positioning of myosin, tropomyosin, and Calcium when muscle at rest.

What is the length of the sarcomere when muscle is fully contracted? Length of myofilaments?

Func.’s of costumers in skeletal muscle? Where are they found?

Can a myofibre be simultaneously innervated by an a1 and an a2 neuron?

Explain how the mitochondrions structure helps its function.

Assume there is no ATP to supply c. bridge cycling. What would happen?

Explain how mech. loading contributes to skeletal hypertrophy, include roles of S.C.’s and costameres

How do costumers link contractile activity w/ regulation of muscle cell remodelling?