Exam 3 Study Guide: Digestion, Urinary System, Nutrition, and Metabolism

Vocabulary flashcards covering the digestive process, urinary system, nephron anatomy, nutrition, and metabolic processes from Exam 3 review slides.

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that push food through the digestive tract.

Oral cavity (mouth)

The location where chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins.

Internal anal sphincters

The muscles that relax when the rectum is stretched.

Villi

Structures that increase the small intestine's surface area for absorption.

Functions of the liver

Metabolic regulation, hematologic regulation, and bile production.

Bladder

The organ that stores urine.

Major calyx

A structure formed when several minor calyces join together.

Metabolic wastes

The type of waste removed by the urinary system.

Renal pyramids

The triangular structures in the kidney's renal medulla.

Urea

A waste product formed when proteins are broken down.

Metabolic rate

The body's daily energy use.

Water-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that can pass out through urine instead of being stored.

Absorptive state

The period after a meal that lasts about $3$ to $4\text{ hours}$.

Potassium

A mineral that helps with muscle contractions.

Essential amino acids

Amino acids the body cannot make, meaning they must come from food.

Nephron count

About $1.2\text{ million}$ nephrons located in each kidney.

Renal corpuscle

The first part of the nephron, where filtration happens.

Secretion (in the nephron)

Moving substances from the blood into the nephron tubule when they were not filtered first.

Cortical nephron

A nephron type that is found mostly in the renal cortex.

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

The nephron segments where variable reabsorption occurs.

Mesenteries

Structures that hold digestive organs in place.

Respiratory system

The body system that shares a structure with the digestive tract.

Canine teeth

Teeth that tear and slash food.

Small intestine

The digestive organ where chemical digestion of all nutrients occurs.

Parts of the large intestine

The cecum, colon, and rectum.

Catabolic processes

Processes that break down large molecules and release energy.

Aerobic cellular respiration

A metabolic pathway that produces $36\text{ ATP}$ in this review.

Pyruvate

A substance produced during glycolysis along with ATP.

Glucose and oxygen

The two molecules needed for cellular respiration.

Citric acid cycle

The middle stage of cellular respiration that makes $1\text{ ATP}$ per turn, totaling $2\text{ ATP}$.