Concept of Development (Nur140)

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering growth and development concepts, lifespan stages, developmental theories, assessment tools, and pediatric/adult health conditions from the lecture notes.

Development

The sequence of physical, psychosocial, and cognitive developmental changes that take place over the human lifespan through an ongoing interrelationship of growth, differentiation, and maturation.

Cephalocaudal Pattern

An orderly pattern of growth and development that proceeds from the head downward.

Proximodistal Pattern

An orderly pattern of growth and development that proceeds from the center outward.

Differentiation

An orderly pattern of growth and development where skills and structures progress from simple to complex.

Developmental Level

An individual's physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning position compared to normative age-based standards.

Developmental Milestone

A predictable physical, cognitive, communication, social/emotional, or adaptive skill achieved by a child at a specific point in growth.

Developmentally Delayed

A condition in which a child's development lags behind expected age-appropriate milestones.

Developmental Regression

The loss of previously demonstrated or acquired developmental milestones or skills.

Developmental Arrest

The cessation of developmental progress and lack of skill acquisition beyond a given age.

Temperament

An individual's inherent, usual pattern of emotional and behavioral reaction to environmental stimuli.

Epigenetics

The study of how environmental factors change gene expression without altering the underlying DNA code.

Babinski Reflex

A primitive neonatal reflex where the great toe extends and other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked; its presence in adults indicates upper motor neuron damage.

Parallel Play

A type of play typical in toddlers where children play alongside each other with similar toys without direct interaction or cooperation.

Associative Play

A stage of play common in preschoolers where children engage in group activities and share toys without rigid rules or formal organization.

Primary Teeth Eruption Chart

A chart detailing the eruption timing for upper and lower primary teeth, starting with lower central incisors at 6–10 months up to upper second molars at 25–33 months.

Permanent Teeth Eruption Chart

A chart displaying the eruption timeline of permanent teeth, beginning with first molars and lower central incisors at 6–7 years up to third molars at 17–21 years.

Early Language Milestone Scale-2 (ELM Scale-2)

A standardized developmental screening tool evaluating auditory expressive, auditory receptive, and visual language milestones in children from birth to 36 months.

Denver II (DDST-SL)

A widely used screening tool for evaluating personal-social, fine motor-adaptive, language, and gross motor development in infants and young children.

Id

According to Freud, the component of personality present at birth that contains primal urges, instincts, and desires.

Ego

According to Freud, the conscious mind that develops through life experiences to manage reality and form self-identity.

Superego

According to Freud, the aspect of personality developing between 3 to 5 years that represents morality and cultural norms to keep the id in check.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first psychosocial stage (birth to 1 year) where an infant learns to view the world as safe when essential physical and emotional needs are consistently met.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second psychosocial stage (1 to 3 years) focused on developing bodily control and personal independence.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third psychosocial stage (3 to 6 years) where a child explores the environment through self-initiated play and begins developing a conscience.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth psychosocial stage (6 to 12 years) where children gain confidence and purpose through completing tasks, projects, and structured activities.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage (12 to 18 years) centered on developing a personal identity and navigating peer perceptions.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second cognitive stage (2 to 7 years) characterized by rapid language acquisition, egocentrism, and magical thinking.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third cognitive stage (7 to 11 years) marked by logical reasoning, understanding cause-and-effect, sorting objects, and conservation of matter.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's fourth cognitive stage (11 years to adulthood) characterized by abstract, philosophical, and systematic thinking.

Kohlberg's Preconventional Level

The initial stage of moral development (ages 2 to 7) where moral decisions are based primarily on external rewards, punishments, and self-interest.

SPICES Assessment Tool

An acronym-based screening framework for older adults identifying Sleep disorders, Problems with eating/feeding, Incontinence, Confusion, Evidence of falls, and Skin breakdown.

Disengagement Theory

A psychosocial theory of aging suggesting older adults gradually withdraw from social roles and substitute activities as they age.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurobiological continuum characterized by core impairments in social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors.

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

A nonprogressive group of motor disorders causing impaired movement, posture, and muscle tone due to early brain injury or malformation.

Spastic Cerebral Palsy

The most common classification of CP, characterized by hypertonicity, poor balance, impaired motor skills, and increased abnormal postures during active movement.

Dyskinetic (Athetoid) Cerebral Palsy

A form of CP characterized by involuntary, writhing, or jerking movements that intensify with stress, frequently accompanied by drooling.

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy

A type of CP characterized by poor coordination, lack of balance, and a wide-based gait.

Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

A form of spastic CP affecting one side of the body, where upper limb involvement is greater than lower limb involvement and most individuals retain walking ability.

Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy

A severe form of spastic CP involving all four extremities, causing significant impairment in activities of daily living.

Diplegic Cerebral Palsy

A form of spastic CP primarily affecting either both upper extremities or both lower extremities.

Intrathecal Baclofen Pump

A surgically implanted subcutaneous device in the abdomen with a catheter tunneled to the lumbar spine, delivering Baclofen to manage spasticity in conditions like cerebral palsy.