Ch. 7 - Skeletal System Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology - Holes

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71 Terms

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epiphysis

expanded end; distal and proximal

<p>expanded end; distal and proximal</p>
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diaphysis

bone shaft

<p>bone shaft</p>
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Articular cartilage

cartilage at the end of epiphysis

<p>cartilage at the end of epiphysis</p>
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articular cartilage

covers epiphysis

<p>covers epiphysis</p>
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Periosteum

strong membrane around bone (dense irregular connective tissue)

<p>strong membrane around bone (dense irregular connective tissue)</p>
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Endosteum

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity (reticular connective tissue)

<p>thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity (reticular connective tissue)</p>
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compact bone

consists of osteons; weight bearing, resist compression (wall of diaphysis)

<p>consists of osteons; weight bearing, resist compression (wall of diaphysis)</p>
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spongy bone

consists of trabeculae; somewhat flexible, nutrients diffuse through canaliculi (makes up epiphysis)

<p>consists of trabeculae; somewhat flexible, nutrients diffuse through canaliculi (makes up epiphysis)</p>
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trabeculae

branching bony plates, make up spongy bone

<p>branching bony plates, make up spongy bone</p>
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medullary cavity

hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains yellow marrow

<p>hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains yellow marrow</p>
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bone marrow

red or yellow marrow; spongy bone and medullary cavity

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lamellae

Concentric rings of bone matrix around the central canals

<p>Concentric rings of bone matrix around the central canals</p>
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osteocytes

mature bone cell that is surrounded by matrix

<p>mature bone cell that is surrounded by matrix</p>
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osteoblasts

bone forming cell; deposits bone matrix around themselves

<p>bone forming cell; deposits bone matrix around themselves</p>
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osteoclasts

break down calcified matrix

<p>break down calcified matrix</p>
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lacunae

chambers that contain osteocytes

<p>chambers that contain osteocytes</p>
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osteon

cylinder shaped unit

<p>cylinder shaped unit</p>
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canaliculi

tiny passageways that osteocytes use to exchange nutrients and wastes

<p>tiny passageways that osteocytes use to exchange nutrients and wastes</p>
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central canal

tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves; centrally located within an osteon

<p>tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves; centrally located within an osteon</p>
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collagen

structural protein that is part of extracellular matrix that gives bone its strength and resilience

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calcium phosphate

salt that is most abundant in extracellular matrix; makes bone hard and resistant to crushing

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perforating canals

join adjacent central canals

<p>join adjacent central canals</p>
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epiphyseal plate

growth zone of hyaline cartilage

<p>growth zone of hyaline cartilage</p>
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Intramembranous bone

bone that forms from membrane like layers of primitive connective tissue; become the flat bones of the skull.

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endochondral bone

bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue

<p>bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue</p>
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endochondral ossification

process of replacing hyaline cartilage to form an endochondral bone

<p>process of replacing hyaline cartilage to form an endochondral bone</p>
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Bone Resorption

removal of bone, action of osteoclasts

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Bone Deposition

formation of bone, action of osteoblasts

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Vitamin D

calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets or osteomalacia

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Physical Stress

stimulates bone growth

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major bone functions

Provide shape to body, support body structures, protect body structures, aid body movement, contain tissue that produces blood cells, store inorganic salts

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Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation

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Red bone marrow

formation of platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells

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Yellow bone marrow

stores fat

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calcitonin

hormone which lowers blood calcium levels; activates osteoblasts for bone deposition.

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parathyroid hormone

hormone which increases blood calcium levels; activates osteoclasts for bone resorption.

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Axial Skeleton

skull, middle ear bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

<p>skull, middle ear bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage</p>
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Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

<p>Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs</p>
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costal cartilage

hyaline cartilage; connects rib to sternum

<p>hyaline cartilage; connects rib to sternum</p>
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Sternum (3 parts)

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

<p>manubrium, body, xiphoid process</p>
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True Ribs

7 pairs; directly connected to sternum

<p>7 pairs; directly connected to sternum</p>
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False Ribs

5 pairs; connected to sternum via cartilage (see Floating ribs)

<p>5 pairs; connected to sternum via cartilage (see Floating ribs)</p>
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Floating Ribs

2 pairs; not connected to sternum (part of false ribs)

<p>2 pairs; not connected to sternum (part of false ribs)</p>
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Cervical vertebra

7; transverse foramina, spinous processes (mouse)

<p>7; transverse foramina, spinous processes (mouse)</p>
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Thoracic vertebra

12; transverse process that project posteriorly at sharp angles, pointed spinous processes that slope down, facets that articulate with ribs (giraffe)

<p>12; transverse process that project posteriorly at sharp angles, pointed spinous processes that slope down, facets that articulate with ribs (giraffe)</p>
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Lumbar vertebra

5; large bodies, thinner transverse processes that project laterally, short/thick spinous process that project posteriorly (moose)

<p>5; large bodies, thinner transverse processes that project laterally, short/thick spinous process that project posteriorly (moose)</p>
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Sacrum

5 fused; posterior sacral foramina, sacral hiatus, anterior sacral foramina

<p>5 fused; posterior sacral foramina, sacral hiatus, anterior sacral foramina</p>
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Coccyx

4 fused; attached to the margins of the sacral hiatus

<p>4 fused; attached to the margins of the sacral hiatus</p>
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Atlas

C1; supports head, articulates with occipital condyle

<p>C1; supports head, articulates with occipital condyle</p>
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Axis

C2; pivots around the dens

<p>C2; pivots around the dens</p>
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Joints

Articulations between adjoining bones

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cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

<p>allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage</p>
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synovial joints

freely movable joints; contain capsules filled with synovial fluid.

<p>freely movable joints; contain capsules filled with synovial fluid.</p>
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fibrous joints

generally immovable joints; held together by dense connective tissues

<p>generally immovable joints; held together by dense connective tissues</p>
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flexion

decreases the angle of the joint and reduces the distance between the two bones

<p>decreases the angle of the joint and reduces the distance between the two bones</p>
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extension

increasing the angle between two bones and the parts move farther apart.

<p>increasing the angle between two bones and the parts move farther apart.</p>
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dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

<p>bending of the foot or the toes upward</p>
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plantar flexion

bends the foot downward at the ankle

<p>bends the foot downward at the ankle</p>
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Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

<p>extension beyond anatomical position</p>
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abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

<p>Movement away from the midline of the body</p>
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adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

<p>Movement toward the midline of the body</p>
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rotation

circular movement around an axis

<p>circular movement around an axis</p>
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circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

<p>circular movement of a limb at the far end</p>
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pronation

movement that turns the palm down

<p>movement that turns the palm down</p>
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supination

turning the palm upward

<p>turning the palm upward</p>
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eversion

turning the sole of the foot faces laterally

<p>turning the sole of the foot faces laterally</p>
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inversion

Turning the sole of the foot medially

<p>Turning the sole of the foot medially</p>
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retraction

moving a part backward

<p>moving a part backward</p>
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protraction

Moving a part forward

<p>Moving a part forward</p>
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elevation

raising a body part

<p>raising a body part</p>
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depression

lowering a body part

<p>lowering a body part</p>