GROV

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15th Amendment

the right to vote is given to those of all colors and races 

 Campaign Consultants

The private-sector professionals and firms who sell to a candidate the technologies, services, and strategies required to get that candidate elected

Soft Money

unregulated money that flows from individuals and public committees into state and local parties

17th Amendment

allowed voters to cast direct votes to elect the senate

Constituencies

the people who live within a certain area that are represented by an elected official 

Hard Money

 federal campaign act and federal election commission. This is controlled and specified money

19th Amendment

voting cannot be restricted based on sex

Free Rider

someone who does not join a group representing their interests, but still benefits from the groups influence

 Access Points

a point where people can influence the government, this includes voting, interest groups, and action committees

24th Amendment

prohibits the federal and state governments from imposing poll taxes before a citizen could participate in a federal election

 Winner-take all Rules

An Electoral system in which the party that receives at least one more vote than any other party wins the election

1st Amendment

free speech and press

26th Amendment

no discrimination based on age, unless you are under 18

Plurality vs. Proportional elections

The system of single-member districts with plurality winners tends to produce two large political parties. In countries with proportional representation there is not such a great incentive to vote for a large party, which contributes to multi-party systems

Revolving Door

People who take up political positions, then take breaks to influence interest groups and work in the fields they are influencing, before returning to political office.

Iron Triangles

interest groups, congressional committees, and bureaucratic agencies working together to create policies 

Caucus

when party members meet and choose their electoral candidates

Influence peddling

the practice of using power or influence on government officials to to gain benefits on someone else's behalf

Issue Networks

an alliance of various interest groups and individuals who unite in order to promote a common cause or agenda in a way that influences government policy

Political Efficacy

the sense an individual has that they can influence government

Buckley v. Valeo

A 1976 case in which the Supreme Court struck down the portion of the Federal Election Campaign Act that set limits on the amount of money individuals could contribute to their own campaigns

Solidary Incentives

An inducement to join a mass-membership organization based on the sense of pleasure, status, or companionship derived from membership

BCRA 2002

regulated campaign finances and electioneering communications

Delegates

a person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular, an elected representative sent to a conference

Superdelegates

an __unelected__ __delegate__ who is free to support any candidate for the presidential __nomination__ at the party's national convention

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

regulates the financing of political campaigns and gives them restrictions 

Single-member-winner-take all elections

In these States, whichever candidate received a majority of the popular vote, or a plurality of the popular vote (less than 50 percent but more than any other candidate), took all of the State's electoral votes

Horse-race Journalism

focus on polling data during elections and public perception of the candidates, focuses on the differences between candidates and not similarities

Primaries

Primary elections, or direct primary are a voting process by which voters can indicate their preference for their party's candidate, or a candidate in general, in an upcoming general election, local election, or by-election

New Media

Newspapers, magazines, radio as a way to gain information/ news

Open primary

a primary election in which __voters__ are not required to declare party affiliation

closed primary

 That means if you chose Democratic or Republican as your party on your Voter Registration Application, you may vote only for candidates from your own party and you may also vote in nonpartisan contests

Infotainment

regulates the financing of political campaigns and giving them restrictions

 Political Action Committee’s (PAC’s)

Political Action Committee (PAC) a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns

Gatekeeper Role of Media

Influence which subjects are of national importance to help set the national agenda

Rational Choice voting

a type of voting where individuals make decisions based on self-interest and a cost-benefit analysis of the available options

Scorekeeper Role of Media

keep track of and help make political reputation, importance attached to Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary

Retrospective voting

Holding incumbents, usually the president's party, responsible for their records on issues, such as the economy or foreign policy

Watchdog Role of Media

Watchdog journalists gather information about the actions of people in power and inform the public in order to hold elected officials to account

Prospective voting

Voting based on what a candidate pledges to do in the future about an issue if elected.

Right of Reply Rule

if a person is attacked on a broadcast that person has the right to reply over that same station

Party-line voting

A party-line vote in a deliberative assembly (such as a constituent assembly, parliament, or legislature) is a vote in which a substantial majority of members of a political party vote the same way

Fairness Doctrine

The fairness doctrine of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), introduced in 1949, was a policy that required the holders of broadcast licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that fairly reflected differing viewpoints

Mid-term elections/presidential elections

General elections in the United States that are held two years after the quadrennial (four-year) elections for the President of the United States. Federal offices up for election are all of the seats in the House and 33 or 34 of the 100 seats of the Senate

Equal time rule

specifies that American radio and television broadcast stations must provide equivalent access to competing political candidates

Functions of political parties

Nominate candidates, rally their supporters, participate in government, act as a "bonding agent" for their own officeholders, and act as a watchdog over the other party

Political Editorializing Rule

if a broadcaster endorses a candidate, the opposing candidate has a right to reply

Candidate centered campaigns

election campaigns and other political processes in which candidates, not political parties, have most of the initiative and influence

Traditional Interest Groups

 group with a common interest that seeks to influence government. goal: to promote the economic interest of its members.

Critical/Realigning elections

An election that leads to a major party realignment

 Nontraditional Protest Interest Groups

 to protest the status of its members and to convince government to take remedial action

Party conventions

 A meeting is held once every 4 years by each party to select its presidential and vice-presidential candidates and finalize a party platform.

Single Issue Interest Groups

3rd Parties which advocate one cause, such as the Green Party

 The Electoral College

the system we us to elect the president and vice president

Ideological Interest Groups

 Political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions or principles

Two-party system

Electoral system reinforces this, because it makes it very difficult for one of the non major parties to win

Initiative (Propositions) Process

he initiative is a procedure by which voters may propose a law or a state constitutional amendment. Citizens obtain a sufficient new law or amendment. In a direct initiative, the proposition is presented to voters in a general election. in an indirect initiative, the proposition goes first to the state legislature. If the proposition passes the legislature, it becomes law.

Third Parties

Parties which fall short of the level of a major party

 Boycotting

a form of protest where people stop using the product or system that fucked up

 Doctrinal 3rd Parties

3rd Parties which adopt a political viewpoint considered far too radical for the major parties. An example is the socialist party

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment

 Issue-Oriented 3rd Parties

Because of the difficulties third parties face in gaining any representation, third parties tend to exist to promote a specific issue or personality

 Recall

An election in which voters can remove and incumbent from office by popular vote

1946 Federal Regulations of Lobbying Act

A law which required groups and individuals seeking to influence legislation to register with the secretary of the Senate and the clerk of the House of Representatives. Quarterly financial reports on expenses were also to be filed.

Litigation

the process of taking legal action

Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995

The Act increased the number of registered lobbyists and the amount of information they must disclose by changing requirements for reporting

Material Incentives

money or things and services readily valued in monetary terms

Purposive Incentives

 rely on the appeal of their stated goals to recruit members

Linking mechanisms

ways people get in contact with the government, media, elections, political parties