module 11 gch

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

is a disorder of the heart or blood vessels

health behavior

is an individuals intentional or unintentional action that either enhances or impairs health

behavior change

is the process of an individual intentionally adopting and maintaining healthier behaviors

rational model

or KAP model, considers behavior change to be a function of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The KAP model emphasizes the importance of health education for enabling behavior change

activated health education model

describes a three step process: an experimental phase of engaging individuals in personal health assessments, an awareness phase of promoting desirable health behaviors, and a responsibility phase of supporting implementation of healthier behaviors

Self-efficacy

is an individual behavior change is a function of personal perceptions of the severity of the disease, susceptibility to the disease, the likely benefits from adopting healthier behaviors, the barriers to action, cues to action, and the self-efficacy to enact change

cue to action

is an internal or external stimulus that prompts an individual to implement a recommended health behavior

stages of change model (transtheoretical model)

describes individual behavior change as a multistage process of moving from precontemplation to contemplation, preparation for action, action, and maintenance

theory of reasoned action

says that follow-through on implementing plans for a healthier lifestyle is dependent on the individuals belief that the outcome of the change will be worth the effort and his or her confidence that other will support the change

theory of planned behavior

builds on the theory of reasoned action by adding the importance of an individuals perceived self-efficacy and control over the change

social ecological model

is a theoretical framework that considers individual health and health behaviors to be a function of the social environment, which includes intrapersonal (individual), interpersonal, institutional (organizational), community, and public policy dimensions

social cognitive theory

acknowledges that behavior change is about both inner motivation and environmental realities because behavior is a function of personal factors, behaviors, and environmental conditions

diffusion of innovations model

describes a process of behavior change in communities that unfolds as new ideas and actions are adopted by community members

physical inactivity

is the failure to regularly engage in exercise of moderate or vigorous intensity. Physical inactivity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from numerous NCDs

sedentariness

which is characterized by sitting for long durations each day

ischemia

means reduced blood supply

atheroscierosis

which is the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, including to the heart muscle itself

peripheral artery disease

have narrowed blood vessels in their extremities that impair blood circulation and can cause severe leg pain and cramping when walking

ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease)

occurs when artherosclerosis in the arteries provide blood to the heart reduces blood flow to the heart muscle

angina

which is chest pain or tightness caused by the heart muscle not getting an adequate supply of oxygen

myocardial infarction

or heart attack, is the death or damage of a portion of the heart muscle due to lack of oxygen. Heart attack occur when a coronary blood vessel becomes mostly or fully occluded

cholesterol

is a waxy lipid that is a major component of the plaque that causes atherosclerosis

inflammation

is an immune system response that causes white blood cells to release chemicals that increase blood flow to local tissues

angioplasty

is a procedure that physically opens and unclogs a blocked artery

bypass surgery

is a surgical procedure that uses a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to restore blood flow to the heart muscle by bypassing the damaged vessel

stroke

occurs when cells in the brain die due to lack of oxygen. Typical symptoms of a stroke include weakness on one or both sides of the face and body, confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding language, vision disturbances, a loss of balance, and a severe headache

transient ischemic attack

sometimes called mini stroke or warning stroke, occurs when a temporary blockage of an artery causes stroke-like symptoms that quickly resolve

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a blood vessel ruptures and causes bleeding in the brain. Two main types: intracerebral and subarachnoid

aneurysm

is a bulge in a blood vessel that can cause the vessel to rupture. The main symptom of a subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke is a sudden severe headache

systolic blood pressure

the pressure in the blood vessels when the heart beats; the top number

diastolic blood pressure

the pressure in the blood vessels when the heart is at rest between beats; the bottom number

hypertension

is high blood pressure and it is typically defined as having an SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher and a DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher

rheumatic heart disease

is an inflammatory condition that causes irreversible damage to the heart and heart valves as a result of an untreated infection with group A streptococcus, like strep throat or scarlet fever

aortic aneurysm

a bulge in the aorta that can rupture and cause rapid death from internal bleeding

cardiomyopathy

is a disease of the heart muscles that causes the heart to enlarge and become weaker

arrythmia

is an abnormal heart beat that is too fast, too slow, or irregularly paced

Atrial fibrillation

occurs when the atria quiver fast and irregularly rather than contracting and relaxing at a regular pace

cardiac arrest

occurs when the heart abruptly stops beating

ventricular tachycardia

is an arrhythmia that occurs when the ventricles begin contracting extremely rapidly, and this can quickly lead to cardiac arrest

heart failure

is a chronic condition in which the heart is not able to pump enough blood to meet the body’s need for oxygen

cancer

is a disease that occurs when abnormal cells in the body begin to reproduce uncontrollably, often invading nearby tissues and then spreading to other parts of the body

apoptosis

a process of programmed cell death

tumor

is an abnormal growth of a body tissue

neoplasms

tumors are sometimes called this. A term derived from root words meaning “new formation”

benign tumor

is a noncancerous growth that will not spread to another part of the body. Benign does not mean that the tumor is not harmful

in situ tumor

is a noninvasive precancerous group of abnormal cells

malignant tumor

is cancerous growth that can spread to other parts of the body

metastasis

is a secondary cancerous tumor that is located at a different site in the body than the primary tumor

angiogenesis

the formation of new blood vessels that nourish a new cancerous tumor

carcinoma

is a cancer that is formed in the epithelial tissues, which usually line the inside or outside of the body

sarcoma

is a cancer that arose from connective tissues like bones or muscles

relative survival rate

compares the likelihood of survival to selected time points after diagnosis of an adverse health condition with survival rates for people of the same age who do not have the condition

cancer transition

describes a shift from many cancers being associated with chronic infections to few cancers being caused by untreated chronic infections

ecological fallacy

is the incorrect assumption that individuals follow the trends observed in population-level data

screening

is a type of secondary prevention in which all members of a well-defined group of people are encouraged to be tested for a disease based on evidence that members of the population are at risk for the disease and early intervention improves health outcomes

population based screening

initiatives target large demographic groups such as all women aged 40-79 years

high-risk screening

recommendations apply to people who are known to have an elevated risk of a particular disease

diagnostic accuracy

is the proportion of people who receive a test whose results are true positives or true negatives and almost no results being false positives or false negatives

sensitivity

the sensitivity of a test is the proportion of people who truly have the disease who test positive for the disease

specificity

is the proportion of people who are truly free of the disease who test negative for it

positive predictive value

is the proportion of people who test positive for the disease who truly have the disease

negative predictive value

the proportion of people who test negative for the disease who truly do not have the disease

overdiagnosis

describes the detection of cancers that would have gone away on their own or caused no symptoms during the diagnose individuals lifetime

overtreatment

the unnecessary provision of therapy for cancer when the cancer is unlikely to cause health problems during the diagnosed individuals lifetime and the therapy has harmful side effects

surgery

is an operation to confirm whether a disease is present or to remove a tumor or repair a part of the body

biopsy

is the examination of tissue removed from a living body in order to test for the presence or absence of disease

chemotherapy

is the treatment of disease using chemical substances

radiation therapy

uses high-energy ionizing radiation to damage the DNA of actively dividing cells, which causes the cells to stop dividing or die

hospice care

services provide end of life comfort care for people with end-stage illnesses and support for their families

palliative care

includes clinical interventions that improve the quality of life of people with serious chronic illnesses by managing pain, reducing emotional distress, and providing other types of support to patients and their families

lung cancer

is the most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide, accounting for nearly 1.8 million deaths were attributed to lung cancer

breast cancer

is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women, with more than 2.2 million new cases occurring worldwide each year

human papillomavirus (HPV)

is a virus associated with the majority of cases of cervical dysplasia. In most women, the viral infection will clear on its own

leukemia

is a blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow, which produces the bodies blood

lymphoma

is an immune system cancer that affects white blood cells and lymph nodes. Hodgkin lymphoma and non-hodgkin lymphoma, with hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed based on the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

melanoma

a cancer that originates in the melanin-producing skin cells, can be deadly

noncommunicable disease (NCD)

is an adverse health condition that is not contagious

lifestyle diseases

NCDs that can be prevented through behavior change because they are associated with health-related behaviors such as unhealthy diets, sedentariness, tobacco use, and heavy alcohol consumption

insulin

is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps the body maintain a relatively constant level of glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream so cells have a relatively consistent supply of energy

diabetes

is a metabolic disorder characterized by impairment in the production of or response to insulin

Type 1 diabetes (juvenile onset or insulin-dependent)

is a form of diabetes that occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin. Type 1 diabetes typically has sudden onset in childhood

Type 2 diabetes (adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent)

is a form of diabetes in which the body develops insulin resistance and stops responding appropriately to insulin even when the hormone is still being produce by the body

prediabetes

describes elevated blood glucose levels that are below the threshold for type 2 diabetes diagnosis

gestational diabetes

is elevated blood sugar that is first diagnosed during pregnancy and typically resolves after delivery

chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs)

are long term NCDs of the airway, bronchi, and lungs, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung diseases associated with occupational exposures, sleep apnea, pulmonary hypertension, bronchiesctasis, and interstitial lung diseases like sarcoidosis

asthma

is a chronic but reversible inflammation of the airways that causes episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath due to the thickening of the airway wall and bronchospasms that narrow the diameter of the bronchi and bronchioles

COPD

is a chronic progressive respiratory disease that limits airflow and causes shortness of breath and productive coughing

bronchitis

is inflammation of the bronchi that is characterized by a productive cough, narrowing of the airways, and excess mucus production

emphysema

occurs when the alveoli lose elasticity and become distended or destroyed. This irreversible process reduces the surface area available for intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide

pneumoconiosis

is a restrictive lung disease caused by exposure to various types of occupational hazards

Framework convention on Tobacco control (FCTC)

the first global health treaty negotiated under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO), which aims to significantly reduce the global prevalence of tobacco use.

Kidney failure

is an acute or chronic condition that is present when kidneys are not functioning well enough for health. Untreated kidney failure can cause death

Chronic kidney disease

is a progressive loss of kidney function characterized by a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and increased urinary albumin levels

dialysis

is the process of using a machine to filter the blood, either through hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis

cirrhosis

is irreversible scarring of the liver that impedes the flow of blood through the liver and prevents the liver from functioning well

steatosis

or fatty liver disease, is caused by the accumulation of lipids in the liver

epilepsy

is a chronic seizure disorder characterized by episodes of excessive and abnormal electrical activity in the brain

migraine

is a recurrent severe headache that is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound

Parkinsons disease

is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as slowed movement, rigidity or stiffness in an arm or leg or other body part, and tremors when a limb is resting

multiple sclerosis

is a chronic, progressive disease that causes inflammatory demyelination of the sheaths of nerve cells in the central nervous system