Locomotor Skills Observation

What are the two different ways we can observe movement/skills?

• Whole body and Component Approach

Which one do you think is more useful? (Physical Therapist, Coaches, Researchers, etc.)

It just depends

Whole Body Approach

Breaks down skills into stages

• Initial, Elementary, Mature

• Pro: Practical way of evaluating multiple individuals

• Con: Assumed whole body and all parts (leg, arms) makes progress as whole

Component Approach

Breaks down skills by body areas (arms, legs)

• Pro: Different progression of body parts

• Con: Difficult to assess multiple individuals

Running consists of 3 phases

• Flight, Support, and Recovery

• Begins at 1.5 years of age

Running Flight Phase

distinguishes run from the walk; body is out of contact with the support surface (occurs around second birthday)

Running Support Phase

time when balance is maintained on one foot

Running Recovery Phase

leg must be brought forward

Observing a running skill from the side permits seeing

• Arm opposition

• Flight phase

• Angle of non-supporting leg

Observing a running skill from the front permits seeing

foot placement

Jumping consists of what 4 phases

• Preparatory -flexion of hips, knees, and ankles; swinging of arms

• Take-Off -extension of hips, knees, and ankles and vigorous swing of arms in the direction of travel

• Flight -depends on above and whether it is horizontal or vertical jump

• Landing -flexion of hips, knees, and ankles to absorb force of jump; feet should be ahead of the center of gravity

• Begins before age 2

Observing a jumping skill from the side permits seeing:

• Movement of hips, knees, ankles

• Landing phase

Observing a jumping skill from the front permits seeing:

Arm Swings

Hoping consists of what 3 phases

• Preparatory -similar to what was described for the jump; less flexion of body

• Take-Off -very little flight in good hoppers; very brief time period

• Landing -hopping leg (propelling) absorbs force of hop

• Begins after 5 years of age

Observing a hopping skill from the side permits seeing:

Leg swings and arm movements

Skipping consists of what 2 phases

1. Step phase--step movement with the leg and foot in a forward and upward direction

2. Hop phase--jump with same foot as in step

• Begins 4-7 years of age

Observing a skipping skill from the side permits seeing:

• Arm movements

• Step phase

• Hop phase

Galloping consists of a similar pattern as

skipping

Galloping phases

• Step phase--step movement with the leg and foot in a forward direction

• Hop phase--both feet hop together momentarily

• Begins 6-7 months after running (2 years of age)

Observing a galloping skill from the side permits seeing:

• Arm movements

• Step phase

• Hop phase

Sliding consists of a similar pattern as

skipping

Sliding Phases

• Step -step movement with the leg and foot in a sideways

and upward direction

• Hop -both feet hop together momentarily

• Begins in early childhood

Observing a sliding skill from the front permits seeing:

• Step phase

• Hop phase

Observing a sliding skill from the side permits seeing:

Direction of body

The TGMD-3 consist of ___ locomotor skills and __ ball skills

6 locomotor

7 ball skills

Test of Gross-Motor Development 3 (TGMD-3) locomotor skills

Running, galloping, hopping, skipping, horizontal jumping, sliding

Test of Gross-Motor Development 3 (TGMD-3) ball skills

Two-hand strike of a stationary ball, one-hand strike of a self-bounced ball,

one-hand stationary dribble, two-hand catch, kicking a stationary ball,

overhand throw, underhand throw

The TGMD-3 is both a _________________ and _________________ assessment

norm-references and criterion referenced

A norm referenced assessment compares

individuals with a set of preestablished norms derived from the population

A criterion referenced assessment compares

individuals performance with their previous performance; identifies which skills are mastered and emerging

For the TGMD-3, what information do we need?

Birthdate, Name, Date Tested, Gender (female/male), Hand Dominance, Foot Dominance, Examiners Name, and Examiners Title

For the TGMD-3, how do we use this assessment?

We are looking a locomotor and ball skills, then we add everything up, we get a score, → tables → percentile → tells child below average, average, or gifted.

How many individuals are apart of the TGMD-3?

3

Raters: Observe the movement the child is doing and establish whether they fit the criteria grading them a 0 or 1.

Demonstrator: Shows child how to do the skill

Test of Gross-Motor Development 3 (TGMD-3) includes and tests what?

• Locomotor Raw Score and Ball Skills Raw Score

• Age Equivalent & Percentile Rank

• Evaluation of each skill

• Gross Motor Index

Running Criteria for TGMD-3

Arms move in opposition to legs with elbows bent

• Brief period where both feet are off the surface

• Narrow foot placement landing on heel or toes (not flat footed)

• Non-supporting leg bent about 90 degrees, so foot is close to buttocks

Galloping Criteria for TGMD-3

• Arms flexed and swinging forward

• A step with lead foot, followed with the trailing foot landing beside or a little behind the lead foot (not in from of the lead foot)

• Brief period where both feet come off the surface

• Maintains a rhythmic pattern for FOUR consecutive gallops

Hopping Criteria for TGMD-3

• Non-hopping leg swings forward in pendular fashion to produce force

• Foot of non-hopping leg remains behind hopping leg) does not cross in front of

• Arms flexed and swing forward to produce force

• Hops four consecutive times on the PREFERRED FOOT before stopping

Skipping Criteria for TGMD-3

• A step forward followed by a hop on the same foot

• Arms are flexed and move in opposition to legs to produce force

• Completes four continuous rhythmical alternating skips

Horizontal Jump Criteria for TGMD-3

• Prior to takeoff, both knees are flexed, and arms extend behind the back

• Arms extend forcefully forward and upward, reaching above the head

• Both feet come off the floor together and land together

• Both arms are forced downward during landing

Sliding Jump Criteria for TGMD-3

• Body is turned sideways so shoulders remain aligned with the line on the floor (score on preferred side only)

• A step sideways with the lead foot followed by a slide with the trailing foot where both feet come off the surface briefly (score on preferred side only)

• Four continuous slides to the preferred side

• Four continuous slides to the non-preferred side