Comparative Osteology, Arthrology, Myology, and Digestive System of Domestic Animals

Vocabulary flashcards covering the comparative osteology, arthrology, myology, and digestive anatomy of domestic animals based on detailed lecture notes.

Cranial Bones

The bones surrounding and enclosing the brain, including the parietal, frontal, temporal, and occipital bones.

Facial Bones

The bones forming the bony compartment of the face, including the premaxilla (incisive), maxilla, nasal, conchae (turbinates), palatine, pterygoid, zygomatic (malar/jugal), and lacrimal bones.

Dental Pad

A firm layer of tissue formed on the upper jaw in cattle and sheep in place of upper incisors.

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra.

Axis (Epistropheus)

The second cervical vertebra.

Scapula

A flat bone of the appendicular skeleton commonly known as the blade bone.

Humerus

The long bone of the upper arm commonly known as the clod bone.

Hip Bone (Os Coxae)

The pelvic bone consisting of three fused parts: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Femur

The bone of the thigh that articulates proximally with the os coxae and distally with the tibia and patella.

Arthrology and Syndesmology

The study of joints and articulations.

Synarthroses

Fixed or immovable joints, which include sutures, symphyses, and gomphoses.

Gomphosis

A synarthrodial joint formed by the articulation of teeth within the alveoli of the mandible and maxilla.

Diarthroses

Movable joints, categorized into ginglymus (hinge), arthrodial (gliding), trochoid (pivot), and enarthroses (ball and socket).

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints, exemplified by the intercentral vertebral joints.

Endomysium

The innermost fibroconnective tissue layer covering individual muscle fibers or myofibrils.

Perimysium

The fibroconnective tissue covering muscle fascicles or groups of muscle fibers.

Epimysium

The fibroconnective tissue covering an entire muscle.

Prime Movers

Muscles primarily responsible for executing a desired body action or movement (e.g., brachialis).

Synergist

A muscle that supports and assists the action of an agonist muscle (e.g., biceps brachii).

Antagonist

A muscle that opposes a desired action or agonist movement (e.g., triceps brachii).

Synsarcosis

The muscular attachment by which the forelimb is united to the trunk in domestic animals that lack a shoulder girdle.

Pharyngeal Proper

The middle portion of the pharynx serving as a common passageway for food, water, and air between the digestive and respiratory systems.

Bolus

The mass of ingesta moving along the esophagus, which is alkaline in nature.

Chyme

The acidic mixture formed once ingesta enters the stomach and combines with gastric juices.

Chief Cells

Gastric cells present in the fundus and body of the stomach that secrete pepsinogen (active form: pepsin) for protein digestion.

Parietal Cells

Gastric cells that secrete hydrochloric acid for protein digestion and other substances.

Margo Plicatus

The irregular, ridged border in the equine stomach separating the glandular region from the non-glandular saccus caecus.

Diverticulum Ventriculi

A blind pouch found at the left extremity of the pig's monogastric stomach.

Rumen (Paunch)

The largest ruminant stomach compartment, occupying the left half of the abdominal cavity from the 7th intercostal space to the pelvic inlet, functioning as a fermentation trap.

Reticulum (Honeycomb)

The smallest ruminant stomach compartment, located opposite ribs 6, 7, and 8.

Omasum (Manyplies / Book / Bible)

The ruminant stomach compartment located on the right side opposite the 7th to 11th ribs.

Abomasum (True Stomach / Rennet)

The glandular ruminant stomach compartment situated on the abdominal floor that secretes rennin in young calves.

Proventriculi

The collective non-glandular fore-stomach compartments of ruminants, consisting of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum.

Esophageal Groove

A muscular channel extending from the cardia along the medial wall of the atrium and reticulum to the reticulo-omasal orifice.

Peyer's Patches

Large lymphoid aggregates located exclusively in the ileum of the small intestine.

Taenia

Longitudinal muscular bands running along the external surface of the large intestine.

Haustra

Sacculations of the large intestine caused by the constriction of taenia.

Porta

A depression on the visceral surface of the liver through which the portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic plexus enter, and ducts and lymphatics exit.

Islets of Langerhans

The endocrine portion of the pancreas containing alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), delta cells (somatostatin), and F-cells (pancreatic polypeptides).

Carnassial Teeth

The specialized shearing teeth of the dog consisting of the last upper premolar and first lower molar.

Wolf Tooth

The small first premolar tooth of the horse.