Chem Unit Two (Ch 3 & 4)

Ammonium

NH₄⁺

Hydroxide

OH⁻

Nitrite

NO₂⁻

Nitrate

NO₃⁻

Acetate

CH₃COO⁻ or C₂H₃O₂⁻

Perchlorate

ClO₄⁻

Cyanide

CN⁻

Permanganate

MnO₄⁻

Chromate

CrO₄²⁻

Dichromate

Cr₂O₇²⁻

Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

HCO₃⁻

Sulfite

SO₃²⁻

Hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)

HSO₃⁻

Sulfate

SO₄²⁻

Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate)

HSO₄⁻

Phosphate

PO₄³⁻

Hydrogen phosphate

HPO₄²⁻

Dihydrogen phosphate

H₂PO₄⁻

Carbonate

CO₃²⁻

Octet Rule

The tendency of group 1A-7A elements to react in ways that achieve an electron configuration of 8 valence electrons

Ion

An atom or group of atoms with a net positive or negative charge

gaining or losing

One way an atom can try to get to 8 valence electrons is by ______ or ______ electrons, forming an ion

Cation

An atom that loses 1 or more electrons becomes a positively charged ion called a _______

Anion

An atom that gains 1 or more electrons becomes a negatively charged ion called a _______

Cations

• Formed when e^- are lost

• less e^- than p⁺

Not Ions

• has no gain or loss of e^-

• has the same number of e^- and p⁺

Anions

• Formed when e^- are gained

• More e^- than p⁺

lose

Elements towards the left of the periodic table ______ e^-

gain

Elements toward the right of the periodic table _____ e^-

Group 1A, Group 2A, Aluminum (Al), Silver (Ag), Zinc (Zn), and Cadmium (Cd)

When denoting cations, what does NOT get a roman numeral?

Most transition metals, Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb)

When denoting cations, what DOES get a roman numeral?

Monatomic Anions

Anions that consist of just one atom with a negative charge

Polyatomic Ions

A group of atoms with a net charge

Covalent Bond

The result of the force of attraction between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons

Ionic Bond

The result of the force of attraction between a cation and an anion

Covalent Bond

A small difference in electronegativity =

Ionic Bond

A large difference in electronegativity =

Electronegativtiy

A measure of an atom’s attraction for the electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another atom.

Fluroine

The most electronegative element is ______

Cations

Metals form _____

Anions

Nonmetals form ______

Binary Compound

A compound composed of two elements

Binary Ionic Compounds

A binary compound composed of a metal and a nonmetal

Binary Covalent Compounds

A binary compound composed of two nonmetals (or a nonmetal & a metalloid)

Neutral compounds

Cations and Anions combine to form

Covalent bond

A __________ is formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

Electrons are shared equally

Polar covalent bond

Electrons are NOT shared equally

Nonpolar Covalent

EN difference of less than 0.5 =

Polar Covalent

EN difference of 0.5 to 1.9 =

Ionic Bond

EN difference of greater than 1.9 =

Partial Positive Charge

δ⁺ is a ______

Partial Negative Charge

δ^- is a _______

Double Bond

Two shared pairs of electrons between atoms

Triple Bond

Three shared pairs of electrons between atoms

Molecular Compound

A compound in which all bonds are covalent

1

Mono-

2

Di-

3

Tri-

4

Tetra-

5

Penta-

6

Hexa-

7

Hepta-

8

Octa-

9

Nona-

10

Deca-

repel

Like charges ____ each other

Electron Domain

A negatively charged region around the nucleus

Electron Geometry

The three dimensional arrangement of electron domains around an atom

4

How many electron domains in tetrahedral geometry

3

How many electron domains in trigonal planar geometry

2

How many electron domains in linear geometry

Molecular Geometry

The three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

109.5 degrees

According to VSEPR, 4 electron domains will radiate at angles of:

120 degrees

According to VSEPR, 3 electron domains will radiate at angles of:

180 degrees

According to VSEPR, 2 electron domains will radiate at angles of:

Reactants; products

In a chemical reaction, one or more _______ are converted into one or more ________

Chemical Equation

A system of notation that describes a chemical reaction or change

unit

If a polyatomic ion stays intact on both sides of the equation, you can treat it as a _______

Combustion

Burning in air

Hydrocarbon

A compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen

Cations and anions

Ionic compounds are made up of _____ and ______

Soluble

Soluble or insoluble: Li⁺, Na⁺ , K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, NH₄⁺

Soluble

Soluble or insoluble: nitrates (NO₃^-) and acetates (CH₃COO^-)

Soluble

Soluble or insoluble: all common chlorides (Cl^-), bromides (Br^-), iodides(I^-) and sulfates (SO₄^-)

insoluble

Soluble or insoluble: AgCl, PbCl₂, BaSO₄, PbSO₄

Insoluble

Soluble or Insoluble: Most carbonates (CO₃^2-), phosphates (PO₄^3⁻), sulfides (S^2⁻), and hydroxides (OH^-)

Soluble

Soluble or Insoluble: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, and NH₄OH

Double Displacement Reaction

A reaction in which the cations of two compounds switch anions

Precipitation Reaction

A chemical reaction where two solutions are mixed and a solid forms and separates from the solution

Precipitate

The solids that forms from a precipitation reaction

Oxidation-reduction reaction

A reaction in which one or more electrons are trasnferred

Oxidation

Loss of electrons

Reduction

Gain of electrons

Respiration

the process by which living organisms release energy from carbon-containing compounds by using O₂ to oxidize them into CO₂ and H₂O

Rusting

The oxidation of iron into a mixture of iron oxides

Bleaching

The oxidation of colored compounds into colorless products