CRIM/SOCI 3450: Sociology of Violence Lecture Review

A comprehensive set of 50 question-and-answer flashcards reviewing all eight lecture units on the sociology of violence, including the Holocaust, decolonization, intersectionality, domestic abuse, gaslighting, crowd violence, sports violence, and cinematic aggression.

According to Theodor W. Adorno in "Education After Auschwitz," what is the premier demand on all education?

The premier demand on all education is that Auschwitz not happen again.

According to Nazi German documents and demographic data

presented in Table 2, approximately how many Jewish victims were

murdered at the Auschwitz camp complex?

Approximately $1,000,000$ Jewish victims (out of a subtotal of approximately $2.7\text{ million}$ murdered at killing centers, and$6\text{ million}$ total Jewish deaths in the Holocaust).

In Zygmunt Bauman's analysis, is the Holocaust considered a failure of modernity or a feature of modernity?

It is considered a feature of modernity; Bauman characterizes it as a

"legitimate resident in the house of modernity" that was unthinkable

without modern bureaucracy, science, technology, and rational management.

According to Zygmunt Bauman, what three elements are required for the erosion of moral inhibitions against committing mass violence?

The violence must be authorized by higher-ups, it becomes routinized

into organizational procedures, and the victims are dehumanized.

What statement did Nazi perpetrator Otto Ohlendorf make at the Nuremberg Trials illustrating moral surrender to organizational discipline?

"I surrendered my moral conscience to the fact I was a soldier, and

therefore a cog in a relatively low position of a great machine."

According to Table 3 on non-Jewish victims of the Nazi regime, how many Soviet prisoners of war were murdered?

Around $3.3\text{ million}$ Soviet prisoners of war.

How does Frantz Fanon define decolonisation in The Wretched of the Earth?

"Decolonisation is quite simply the replacing of a certain 'species' of

men by another 'species' of men."

What spear analogy does Jean-Paul Sartre use in his 1961 preface to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth?

"Violence, like Achilles' spear, can heal the wounds it has inflicted."

What Latin term does Frantz Fanon use to describe the logical conclusion of complete decolonisation?

Tabula rasa (meaning a "blank slate").

In Frantz Fanon's description of the divided colonial world, what specific roles do the police and soldiers occupy?

They act as go-betweens and "spokesmen of the settler and his rule

of oppression," bringing violence directly into the home and the mind

of the native.

According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC), what four conditions are necessary for true reconciliation to take place?

Awareness of the past, acknowledgement of the harm that has been

inflicted, atonement for the causes, and action to change behaviour.

Why does Frantz Fanon state that in the pre-colonial world, "the zombies are more terrifying than the settlers"?

Because magical myths and the supernatural dominate the pre-

colonial indigenous order and absorb psychological tension, until that

internal violence changes direction outward against the colonizer.

In Patricia Hill Collins' analysis of state-sanctioned violence, how did a "lethal intersection" cause the death of Ms. Dhu in police custody?

Her premature death resulted from the convergence of multiple

systems of power: racism (she was Aboriginal), heteropatriarchy (she

was a young female), and capitalism (she was poor and imprisoned

over unpaid fines).

How does Patricia Hill Collins differentiate between state-sanctioned violence through acts of commission versus acts of omission?

Acts of commission involve overt, visible physical force and weapons

by state agents; acts of omission involve covert inaction and state

failure to protect people from harm, which is often normalized and

hidden.

What purpose do "controlling images" serve in institutional violence, according to Patricia Hill Collins?

They bridge abstract ideology and everyday interactions, operating as

"rules of engagement" that dictate the subordinate social "place" of

groups and justify differential treatment.

Under Section 265(1) of the Criminal Code of Canada, what three separate actions constitute an assault?

(a) Intentionally applying force directly or indirectly without consent;

(b) attempting or threatening by act or gesture to apply force with

present ability; or (c) accosting, impeding, or begging while openly

carrying or wearing a weapon or imitation thereof.

Under Section 268 of the Criminal Code of Canada, what defines aggravated assault and what is its maximum penalty upon indictment?

Wounding, maiming, disfiguring, or endangering the life of the

complainant; it carries a maximum term of imprisonment not

exceeding $14\text{ years}$.

Based on this Small Arms Survey chart of G20 nations in $2021$, how did Canada's rate of violent firearm deaths compare to that of the United States?

Canada had a violent firearm death rate of $0.90$ per $100,000$

people, whereas the United States had a rate of $6.74$ per $100,000$ people.

Why does Patricia Hill Collins classify firearms as fundamentally different from other everyday weapons such as knives, ropes, or fists?

Because everyday objects have dual benign purposes (cooking, tying

boats, caressing), whereas guns serve no other purpose than to

wound or kill; the intent of violence is embedded in the tool itself.

How does Randall Collins define the concept of "forward panic" in violent interactions?

An emotional outburst of tension release that leads an aggressor to

dive deeper into a violent episode, resulting in disproportionate,

severe, and destructive overkill.

According to Randall Collins, what is the most prominent pathway people use to overcome confrontational tension and fear in order to commit violence?

Attacking a weak victim (where weakness is situational rather than absolute).

What are the key distinctions between "Common Couple Violence" and "Intimate Terrorism" in domestic violence scholarship?

Common couple violence is gender-symmetrical, involves lower-level

shoving or slapping, and lacks pervasive fear; intimate terrorism is

fear-based, practiced primarily by men against women, involves

systematic control, and can lead to serious injury or death.

According to RCMP data, by what percentage did reported occurrences of intimate partner violence increase in Newfoundland and Labrador between $2019$ and $2023$?

An overall increase of about $150\%$ (rising from $1,367$ occurrences

in $2019$ to $3,394$ occurrences in $2023$).

Under Section 233 of the Criminal Code of Canada, what specific conditions define the offence of infanticide?

A female person causes the death of her newly-born child by a wilful

act or omission if at the time she is not fully recovered from giving

birth and her mind is disturbed by reason thereof or the effects of lactation.

In Randall Collins' analysis of violence against crying infants, what is meant by "entrainment"?

Entering a physiological "tunnel" or "zone" of mutual exasperation,

tension, and narrowed emotional focus where self-control collapses

into violence.

How does Paige L. Sweet define gaslighting from a sociological standpoint?

"A set of attempts to create a 'surreal' social environment by making

the other in an intimate relationship seem or feel 'crazy'."

What three critiques does Paige L. Sweet raise against Robin Stern's psychological model in The Gaslight Effect (2007)?

Stern presents gaslighting as the mutual responsibility of both parties,

frames it as gender-neutral, and overlooks the structural reality of

domestic violence.

What was the sample composition and geographic location of Paige L. Sweet's qualitative study on gaslighting?

$43$ women recruited from domestic violence support groups in Chicago and the surrounding area, interviewed over a $12\text{-month}$ period (including $10$ interviews conducted with a Spanish interpreter).

According to Paige L. Sweet's Situational Map of Gaslighting shown here, which three structural spheres converge to produce a victim's "sense of surreality"?

Tactics (e.g., flipping stories, financial control, calling her "crazy

bitch"), Stereotypes (e.g., irrationality, "bad" mother), and Institutional

Settings (mental health system, police, courts/child custody, and

immigration system).

According to Paige L. Sweet's study, how do abusers tailor gaslighting tactics differently for undocumented women versus Black women?

Abusers of undocumented women mobilize threats

of deportation and immigration surveillance,

whereas abusers of Black women exploit the

institutional biases and threat of the police and family courts.

Why did several survivors in Paige L. Sweet's study report that physical violence was sometimes preferable to psychological gaslighting?

Physical battery provided tangible, objective proof that validated their

abuse and temporarily halted the constant mental agony of "crazy-

making" manipulation and having their reality denied.

Which word was designated as the "Word of the Year" by Merriam-Webster in $2022$?

"Gaslighting".

How does Randall Collins define a "moral holiday" in the sociology of crowd violence?

A temporary period of collective effervescence and celebration where

regular social norms and laws are suspended, authorities are absent

or disregarded, and crowd-driven morals are instituted.

What has been the most prevalent spatial form of riot in the United States since the $1960\text{s}$, according to Randall Collins?

Riots taking place on one's own "home turf" rather than invading

someone else's territory.

Under Sections 64 and 65 of the Criminal Code of Canada, what defines a riot and what is the maximum penalty on indictment for taking part in one?

A riot is an unlawful assembly that has begun to disturb the peace

tumultuously; participants are guilty of an indictable offence liable to

imprisonment for up to $2\text{ years}$ (or a summary conviction).

In Randall Collins' discussion of crowd behavior, what does the anthropological term "potlatch" describe?

"Conspicuously flaunting an insouciant disregard for costs,

conventions, and serious purposes" by making a theatrical display of

destroying one's own or communal property.

According to Randall Collins, what are the three primary situational flashpoints that trigger violence in "carousing zones"?

(1) Intervention by authority figures at the height of the party; (2) gate

crashing by uninvited guests; and (3) end-resisting when partygoers

refuse to accept that an event is over.

Why does Randall Collins classify mosh pit slam dancing as "pretend-fighting" rather than genuine violence?

Because it relies on an unwritten, self-regulating code of solidarity

where combatants avoid inflicting real injury, help up those who fall,

and punish members who intentionally hurt others.

What was the sample size and interview methodology used by Michael D. Smith to investigate the violent subculture hypothesis in Canadian amateur hockey?

$551$ hockey players from $6$ Toronto-area organizations and $153$

non-hockey playing students, interviewed individually in their homes

for roughly $50\text{ minutes}$ by the York University Survey Research Centre.

What did Michael D. Smith conclude regarding whether violent values and attitudes predict off-ice fighting among hockey players?

Values and attitudes were poor predictors of off-ice fighting and had

no relationship to social class; violence was confined to an

occupationally oriented subculture enforced on the ice.

At what sequential ages are checking and fighting typically introduced into Canadian youth hockey, according to Michael D. Smith?

Body checking is introduced around ages $13$ to $14$, while fighting

emerges around age $15$ as an occupational tool for upward mobility

in competitive leagues.

Under Hockey Canada Rule 7.10, what specific actions establish that a "fight" has occurred?

When at least one player punches or attempts to punch an opponent

repeatedly, or when two players wrestle in a manner that makes it

difficult for linespersons to intervene and separate them.

What mandatory penalties are assessed to a player who engages in a fight under Hockey Canada Rule 7.10(b)?

A Major penalty and a Game Misconduct penalty.

What was the criminal conviction and court-ordered sentence for NHL player Marty McSorley following his on-ice assault of Donald Brashear in $2000$?

He was found guilty of assault with a weapon and given a conditional

discharge with $18\text{ months}$ of probation, including an order

prohibiting him from playing against Brashear during that period.

According to J. David Slocum, what does the recurring presence of violence in cinema signify beyond changing standards of aggression?

It represents an ongoing institutional negotiation over the cultural

place, social authority, and broader meaning of cinema itself in society.

What was the official name and duration of the self-censorship guidelines adopted by Hollywood studios in $1934$?

The Production Code (or Hays Code, named after Will H. Hays),

which governed Hollywood productions from $1934$ until the late

$1960\text{s}$.

Which two Hollywood film genres dominated post-WWII cinema by blending American individualism with gun violence?

Gangster movies and Westerns.

How did Hollywood collaborate with the United States government during World War I, according to J. David Slocum?

By actively participating in state propaganda campaigns to shape

public opinion in favor of the war effort through patriotic films and

theatrical speeches.

What core characteristics define Hollywood's "classical narrative" formula regarding conflict resolution and gender?

A linear plot driven by a psychologically well-motivated individual

protagonist (typically a white male) who resolves public conflict

through justifiable violence, concluding with heterosexual coupling.

According to this Vox analysis of horror cinema conventions, which four recurring traits define the classic "Final Girl" trope?

Refraining from having sex in the movie, having a unisex name,

having prior familiarity with or knowing the killer, and possessing

brunette hair.

According to Table 2, approximately _____ Jewish victims were murdered by the Nazi regime at the Belzec killing center.

$$435,000$$

According to demographic data presented in Table 2, approximately _____ Jewish people were murdered at the Treblinka II killing center.

$$925,000$$

Zygmunt Bauman refers to the taken-for-granted sociological belief in an automatic civilizing process as the _____ myth.

etiological

Bauman explains that the technological shift from firing squads to gas chambers acted as a 'moral _____' for perpetrators by concealing the victims.

sleeping pill

In describing bureaucratic rationality, Max Weber noted that modern administration functions according to calculable rules and 'without regard for _____.'

persons

In the opening chapter of The Wretched of the Earth, Frantz Fanon writes that 'Decolonisation is always a _____ phenomenon.'

violent

Frantz Fanon notes that prior to anti-colonial uprising, indigenous tension is discharged through fratricidal combat and emotional rituals of dance and _____ by spirits.

possession

Fanon explains that the colonized native's envy of the settler's world reflects an impulse not to join the settler, but to _____ the settler.

supplant

In The Wretched of the Earth, Fanon remarks that decolonisation embodies the biblical reversal where 'the last shall be _____ and the first last.'

first

The YWCA St. John's Labour Acknowledgement explicitly commemorates the enslaved African people who died during the _____ Passage.

Middle

Under Section 266 of the Criminal Code of Canada, simple assault prosecuted as an indictable offence carries a maximum prison term of _____ years.

$$5$$

Under Section 267 of the Criminal Code of Canada, assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm carries a maximum term of imprisonment of _____ years upon indictment.

$$10$$

Patricia Hill Collins asserts that mass shootings operate as terrorist acts of spectacular violence that transform a community space into a 'theater of _____.'

violence

Collins uses the concept of an '_____ body' to describe a peaceful condition where human beings can live in safety and mutual dignity.

honest

Patricia Hill Collins argues that violence exists not merely within a weapon itself, but in how an object is deployed within a specific spatial and _____ context.

political

Randall Collins argues that the primary emotional hurdle individuals must circumvent to commit violence is confrontational _____/fear.

tension

According to Randall Collins, violence directed at screaming infants typically emerges from a prolonged temporal escalation termed a '_____-buildup.'

time

Randall Collins compares the intense interactional high experienced by a torturer during prolonged abuse to the sensations of a _____ high.

drug

Collins observes that interpersonal power dynamics in relationships often tilt disadvantageously toward the person who loves _____.

most

The phenomenon in which healthcare practitioners summarily dismiss or invalidate a patient's real medical symptoms without medical cause is termed _____ gaslighting.

medical

Paige L. Sweet argues that gaslighting cannot function without systemic inequalities in the distribution of social, political, and _____ power.

economic

Sweet's situational map indicates that gaslighting tactics frequently weaponize gendered stereotypes constructing women in terms of feminized _____.

irrationality

According to Sweet, institutions often reinforce domestic abuse by crediting the _____ side of the story before hearing the victim's perspective.

abuser's

Randall Collins applies Emile Durkheim's concept of collective _____ to describe the shared emotional energy that unifies crowds during a moral holiday.

effervescence

Randall Collins notes that looters during riots generally operate as 'foot soldiers' who lack a coherent political _____.

ideology

Beyond authority interventions and gate crashing, Collins identifies partygoers' refusal to accept that an event is over, known as '_____-resisting', as a major violent flashpoint.

end

Under Hockey Canada Rule 7.10(c), an automatic Match penalty is assessed to any fighting player wearing rings or _____ on their hands.

tape

Under NHL Rule 60.3, a double-minor penalty is assessed when a high-sticking infraction on an opponent results in drawing _____.

blood

In sociological analysis, the media generally fulfills two primary societal functions: social change and social _____.

control

Film historian Jeanine Basinger observes that the 1943 wartime film _____ contains one of the most graphic killings in cinema despite showing no direct bloodshed.

Bataan