Chapter 20 - The Middle East

why is it so long

Russian river on which Stenka Razin pillaged a rich convoy heading to the trading city of Astrakhan

Volga

The followers of Stenka Razin were ____

Cossacks

The Volga, as well as the ____ (shared name with a mountain range), flow into the Caspian Se

Ural

People of various ethnic origins who made their way to southern Russia, many escaping serfdom in the north, to live as social equals in societies with minial governance.

Cossacks

While few Russian merchants traveled beyond their lands (to trade with the Safavids, Mughals, and Ottomans), ___ and ___ traders abounded.

Indian, Armenian

Russian Tsar who had added Astrakhan to his domain. Fourth of his name

Ivan the Terrible

In their business organization, the ___ family firms closely resembled the Italian merchant enterprises of the Renaissance era.

Indian

Russia more closely resembled:
A) The relgiiously intolerant western Europe
B) The closed and isolated Ming China

C) The tolerant Muslim empires to its south (in terms of ethnic and religious diveristy)
D) The maritime nature of the Polynesians

C

The Ottoman empire more closely resembled:
A) The Medieval Islamic Caliphates

B) The closed and isolated Tokugawa Japan
C) The newly cenralized monarchies of Europe
D) The Holy Roman Empire

C

Founder of the Ottoman Empire

Osman

Strait which the Ottomans controlled, a strategic link between Europe and Asia which helped theem gain power

Dardanelles

Region of the world in which the Ottoman EMpire was founded (also known as Asia Minor)

Anatolia

In 1389, a strong ___ kingdom was defeated at the Battle of ___ by the Ottomans, a key event in the history of that country (with capital Belgrade) and a huge part of its nationalistic claim on the independent country in which the battle took place (with capital at Pristina).

Serbian, Kosovo

Sultman ___ II was known as the Conqueror and laid siege to ___ in 1453, eventually taking it and renaming the city to ____, bringing the rule of the Byzantines to the end.

Mehmed, Constantinople, Istanbul

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire, also known as Suleiman Kanuni “The Lawgiver”. He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The Ottomans warred with lots of people, including laying siege to ___ (capital of Austria) and feuding with ___, the most powerful of the Italian city states.

Vienna, Venice

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fiteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Janisarries

Aya Sofya, once a Byzantine cathedral and turned into a mosque, is known more commonly by its Greek name ___.

Hagia Sophia

System which imposed a levy of male children on Christian villages in the Balkans and ocassionaly elsewhere. Kids were placed with Turkish families for language learning and then sent to Byzan-Constanti-Istanbul for education incluiding instruction in Islam, military training etc.

devshirme

A chosen few participants in the Devshirme (<10%) were promoted to grand ___.

vizier

Combined Christian forces achieved a massive naval victory against teh Ottomans at the Battle of ___, off greece, in 1571, but the Ottomans were able to replace their ships just a year later. (Also Cervantes fought here)

Lepanto

Main ship used by the Ottoman navy

Galley

Court language of the Ottoman Empire which mixed turkish with Arabic and Persian elements, representing the cosmopolitan nature of the empire.

Osmanli

Military class of the Ottoman empire who were exempt from taxation and owed their positions to the sultan

Askeri

The ____ Ottomans warred with the ___ Safavids (out of Iran) and it was not considered against sahria’a law

Sunni, shiite

The Ottoman Empire faced growing instability (including revolts between 1590 and 1610) following the:

Little Ice Age

Inflation caused by an influx of new world ___ bankrupted many landholders, meaning their land returned to the state, creating a new class of displaced cavalrymen (who had also been displaced by the increase in jannisaries due to improvements in military tech) who were angry in the countryside

silver

The Janisarries were unable to improve their standing in the Ottoman Empire, true or false.

false

A very different Ottoman Empire emerged from this (economic and social) crisis. ____ once had led armies. Now they mostly resided in palaces and had little experience of the real world. The affairs of government were overseen more and more by the chief administrators—the grand _____.

Sultans, viziers

The Ottoman Empire used the ___ farming system.

tax

Iran produced ___ under the Safavids, whose trade with the Ottoman Empire in this good collapsed after the fall of the Safavids in 1722, contributing to Ottoman economic woes.

silk

Greece, Macedonia, Anatolia, and Bulgaria grew low nicotine ___, and ___ became the rage in the Ottoman Empire and then Europe.

tobacco, coffee

Yemeni port meaning “the coffee place”

Mocha

Trade areements in the Ottoman Empire which led to European domination over their trade (for example, getting only 3% custom duties in Mocha compared to 15+% for Muslims)

capitulations

Last years of the reign of

Ottoman sultan Ahmed III,

during which European styles

and attitudes became briefly

popular in Istanbul.

Tulip Period

In 1730, ____, an Albanian former seaman led a religious, conservative, janissary revolt, causing Sultan ____ III to abdicate and leading a dictatorship for a few months.

Patrona Halil, Ahmed

Ottoman Sultan who pacified the Mamluks in the 16th century

Selim I

Iranian

kingdom (1502–1722)

established by Ismail Safavi,

who declared Iran a Shi’ite

state.

Safavid Empire

Muslims belonging

to the branch of Islam

believing that God vests

leadership of the community in

a descendant of Muhammad’s

son-in-law Ali.

Shi’ite

The Ottoman and Safavid militaries relied upon ____ paid through land grants

cavalry

Iran truly became a separate country after _____ won a power struggle and devoted his realm to Shia Islam.

Ismail

Language of Iran (which became the second language of Islam)

persian

Arabic poetry was better than Persian poetry, true or false.

False

Last in a

series of twelve descendants

of Muhammad’s son-in-law

Ali, whom Shi’ites consider

divinely appointed leaders of

the Muslim community. In

occlusion since roughly 873,

he is expected to return as a

messiah at the end of time.

Hidden Imam

The fifth and

most renowned ruler of the

Safavid dynasty in Iran

(r. 1587–1629). Abbas moved

the royal capital to Isfahan

in 1598.

Abbas I

Ali’s third son and third Imam, who’s martrydom is particularly celebrated in Iran

Husayn

The city that became Iran’s capital in 1598 under decree of Shah Abbas I

Isfahan

Istanbul’s trade was dominated by ____ because of its access to the sea, whereas Isfahan’s was dominated by Jews, Jains, Hindus, and some Armenian Christians.

Europeans

Which of these correctly contrasts European cities with Isfahan and Istanbul:
A) European cities had no water access, whereas both Istanbul and Isfahan had big harbors

B) European cities had big open spaces and less cramped roads and such whereas Isfahan and Istanbul lacked the big open spaces and had narrow roads

C) European cities had far more advanced technology than Isfahan and Istanbul

D) Isfahan and Istanbul were centers of Christianity, whereas European cities where centers of Judaism

B

Women’s quarters were called ___ (meaning interior) in Iran and ___ (meaning forbidden area) in Istanbul

anderun, harem

Women’s quarteres were ____ from the rest of the house in Isfahan and Istanbul

separated

Islamic law, unlike European codes, permitted a wife to retain her property after marriage gave some women a stake in the general economy and a degree of independence from their spouses. True or False

True

The norm for both genders in the Islamic world at the time was complete coverage of arms, legs, and hair. True or False

True

There was no attachment to adolescent boys in Istanbul or (especially) Isfahan (from like grown men) because of laws against homosexuality true or false

false

Which was more cosmopolitan, Isfahan or Istanbul?

Istanbul

Most of the (Iranian) shah’s subjects, whether Iranians, Turks, Kurds, or Arabs, lived by subsistence ____ or ___.

farming, herding

Despite silk’s importance, the good that became most closely associated with Iran was ___.

rugs

The Safavids, like the Ottomans, had difficulty finding the money to pay troops armed with ____.

firearms

Shah Abbas made a group of year round ____ to improve his military I guess. Most of the early ones were Christians from ____.

slaves, Georgia

Due to inflation (from new world silver spreading to Iran) and the mismanagement of the silk monopoly (following Shah Abbas’ death), the Shah could not afford to pay the army or the bureaucracy. This led to the rise in power of the nomads and the eventual conquest of Isfahan by marauding ___

afghans

What distinguished the Mughal Empire from the Safavids and the Ottomans was that:
A) It was a Hindu Empire with a Muslim Minority Population
B) It was a Buddhist Empire with a Hindu Majority Population
C) It was an Islamic Empire with a Jewish Majority Population

D) It was an Islamic Empire with a Hindu Majority Population

D

Founder of the Mughal Empire who was a descendant of Tamerlane (Timur the Lame) and Genghis Khan

Babur

Muslim

state (1526–1858) exercising

dominion over most of India in

the sixteenth and seventeenth

centuries before political

fragmentation caused decline

Mughal Empire

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556–1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

Akbar

In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire.

Mansabs

Members of a mainyl Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal Emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar married a princess from this class.

Rajput

Most of the Hindu appointees under the Mughal Empire were ___

Rajputs

Akbar differed from his Safavid and Ottoman counterparts beause he strived for social __, not just for terrotry and revenue.

harmony

Akbar made himself the center of a new “____” incorporating Muslim, Hindu, Zoraoastrian, Sikh, and Christian belifs.

Divine Faith

Akbar didnt like Sufi beliefs. True or False.

False

Akbar’s religious believed him. True or False

False

Akbar’s zealous great grandsun, under whom Hindu rights were once again limited.

Aurangzeb

What language was favored at the Mughal Court?

Persian

Descendants of the popular language of the Dehli Region during Mughal Reign

Urdu and Hindi

Warlord who seized power in Iran after the fall of the Safavids and. in 1739, invaded the Mughal capital and arried off the peacock throne.

Nadir Shah

In 1723, Nizam al Mulk established his own nearly independent state at ___ in the eastern ___

Hyderabad, Deccan

A muslim prine allied to British India; technically a semi-autonomus deputy of the Mughal Emperor.

nawab

In the northwest, simultaneous Iranian and Mughal weakness allowed the ___ to establish an independent kingdom.

Afghans

French stronghold in India in which, in 1741, Joseph Francois Dupleix took over power and began a new phase of European inolvement in India

Pondicherry

English trading capital in India (before dupleix took it)

Madras

Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. Its Dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.

Muscovy

Muscovy was based in

Moscow

In 1478, Muscovy ruthlessly annexed the territories of the neighboring Russian state of ___

Novgorod

From latin caesar, this russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a russian ruler by Ivan III.

Tsar

Moscow was called the third ___, succeeding the second of city of this “title”, ___

Rome, Constantinople

Russia’s only seaport that connected to the world’s oceans in 1600.

Arkhangelsk

Russia’s version of the new world: The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk.

Siberia

Wealthy russian trading family that led early Russian exploration of Siberia

Stroganovs

Only political power in Siberia destroyed by the Stroganovs

Khanate of Sibir

Siberia was used as a ____ colony starting in the early 17th century

Penal

Place east of Mongolia in which Russian settlers began to farm grain in 1640s, leading to contact with Chinese authorities (eventually leading to Russian annexation of the core Chinese territory of Outer Manchuria)

Amur River Valley

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. They led the conquest of Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Cossack

There were no Muslims in Russia, especially not in the steppe regions. True or False

False

The early 17th century Russian period which marked the end of the Muscovite dynasty, which included the little ice age, decline, and the occupation of Moscow by Swedish and Polish.

Time of Troubles

Word referring to the Russian aristocracy

Boyars

Ending the time of troubles, the Boyars let one of their own, ___, ascend to the throne

Mikhail Romanov

In Russia, law and custom permitted peasants to change masters during a two-week period each year, which encourage lords to treat their peasants well; but the rising commercialization of agriculture also raised the value of these labor obligations. True or False

True

In 1649, the russian peasants were transformed into ___ by elimin ating the period when they could change masters and ordering runaways to return to their masters.

serfs

In medieval Europe,

an agricultural laborer legally

bound to a lord’s property

and obligated to perform set

services for the lord. In Russia

some of these people worked as artisans

and in factories; it was

not abolished there until 1861

serfs

Russian tsar (r. 1689–1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Peter the Great