chem exam 3

Ionization energy

Increases from left to right, down to up

Electron affinity

Increases left to right, up and down

Conversion factor of joules to kj

divide by 1000 or 10³

How to convert kj to joules

Multiply by 1000

How do you convert nm to m?

divide by 10^9

What unit is light in?

meters per second

What unit is h in?

Joules * s

What units is affogadros number?

x (any item)

/

mols

E =2.718 HC/Wavelength, what is the unit of wavelength in this equation?

Meters

Hz unit is

1

/

S

How many electrons does hydrogen want?

2

How many electrons does boron want?

6

What elements can expand their octet?

Anything past the 2nd row

Aufbau principal

In the ground state electron configuration, electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital available. This

Hunds rule

Hund’s Rule states that when electrons fill degenerate orbitals (orbitals of the exact same energy level within a subshell like \(p\), \(d\), or \(f\)), each orbital receives a single electron with the same spin before any orbital is paired up with a second electron

Pauli exclusion principle

• Unique Quantum States: In an atom, no two electrons can share the exact same set of all four quantum numbers (\(n, \ell, m_\ell, m_s\)).

• Orbital Capacity: An individual atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.

• Opposing Spins: If two electrons share the same orbital (matching \(n, \ell,\) and \(m_{\ell }\)), they must have opposite spins (\(m_s = +1/2\) and \(m_s = -1/2\)).

Effective nuclear charge

Zeff = (quantum # added) - (exponents added)

Ionized energy measures what?

Energy required to remove an electron

ionic radi measures what?

The size of an ion within an atom

How do you determine the shape/size of atomic orbitals?

Look at the L value

How do you determine the orientation of an orbital?

Look at ml

what does ms measure?

The electron spin of a quantum number

spins can only be -1/2 or + 1/2

1s² what does each value represent?

1 = value of n principle quantum #

s = orbital type and shape ( l = 0 )

2 = # of electrons in that orbital

What does ground state charge mean?

A charge of 0

p has how many orbitals?

3

p has how many orbitals?

3

d has how many orbitals?

5

How do you convert meters to nm?

divide by 10^-9

Atomic radius

increases from left to right, bottom to top