bsci202 exam 1 (blood)

blood ph

7.35-7.45

blood composition

plasma and formed elements

formed elements

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

leukocytosis

wbc > 11000

plasma proteins most abundant solutes

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

purpose of albumin in plasma

osmotic balance and buffers ph

purpose of fibrinogen in plasma

blood clotting

purpose of globulins in plasma

immune response and lipid transport

3 functions of blood

protection, distribution, and regulation

neutrophil abundance

50-70%

leukocyte abundance

25-45%

Monocytes abundance

3-8%

eosinophil abundance

2-4%

basophil abundance

.5-1%

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

neutrophils

very phagocytic, phagocytize bacteria

Eosinophils

lysosome-like granules

allergies, asthma, general immune response

Basophils

granules contain histamine and other inflammatory mediators

lymphocytes

mostly in lymphoid tissue

T lymphocytes (T cells)

B lymphocytes (B cells)

monocytes

BIG EATERs

leave circulation and enters tissues

Leukopoiesis

process of making wbc

What are platelets

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes

Granules in platelets

serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)

Platelet life span

degenerate in about 10 days

Platelet formation regulated by _________

thrombopoietin

normal range of platelets

150,000-400,000 microliters

erythrocytes

simple biconcave discs with no protein synthesis, growth, or division

Erythrocyte life span

100-120 days

Spectrin

plasma membrane protein that makes blood very pliable and can wiggle through

Gas transport

hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen

hemoglobin structure…

two alpha and two beta globin chains and four heme groups

What is a heme groups

iron-containing heme pigment that bind to oxygen

oxygen loading in lungs

produces oxyhemoglobin - hemoglobin carrying oxygen

oxygen unloading in tissues

produces deoxyhemoglobin

biconcave shape of RBC

bigger surface area relative to volume

hematocrit

percent of blood that is RBC

causes of low hematocrit

• anemia

• high number of WBC - long term illness

causes for high hematocrit

• dehydration

• disorder/disease

tissue hypoxia

low oxygen

Eryhtropoietin (EPO)

hormone and direct stimulus for erythropoiesis

released by kidneys

when is EPO delivered most

during hypoxia

how does testosterone effect EPO

enhances epo production, leading to higher RBC in males

What causes hypoxia

decreased RBC numbers, insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (low iron), environmental hypoxia

Four broad causes of anemia

blood loss, low rbc production, high rbc destruction, hemoglobin abnormalities

Renal Anemia

lack of epo

aplastic anemia

inhibition or destruction of bone marrow

What is aplastic anemia caused by

drugs, chemicals, radiation, viruses

high rbc destruction

sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, hemolytic anemia

hemolytic anemia

• premature lysis of RBC

causes of premature lysis of RBC

• Hb abnormalities

• incomplete transfusions

• infections

Thalassemia

• mediteranean ancestry

• RBC are more fragile

sickle-cell anemia

• rbc crescent shaped when oxygen is low

• rbc rupture easily and block small vessels

Erythrocyte disorders

polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia

polycythemia vera

bone marrow cancer that causes excess rbc

secondary polycythemia

less oxygen available or EPO production increases which can be caused by blood doping or lower plasma volume (dehydration)

fibrinolysis

process of breaking down fibrin and removing unneeded clots. after healing

plasmin

fibrin digesting enzyme

thromboembolic conditions

thrombus, embolus, and embolism

thrombus

clot is formed in an in tact vessel

embolus

piece of clot is freely floating in blood vessel

embolism

piece of clot has plugged up blood vessel and stopped flow of blood

Bleeding disorders

thrombocytopenia, inability to synthesize procoagulants, hemophilia

thrombocytopenia

deficient number of circulating platelets which causes petechiae to appear

hemophilia

• inhibits stop of blood/clotting

• an issue with one of the procoagulants

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

• widespread slotting in intact vessels and severe bleeding

• clots are made in areas they should not be in and cause platelets to not be where they are actually needed

• usually pregnancy complication and incompatable blood transfusions

Agglutinogens

• promoters for agglutination

• antigens, glycoprotein

Erythroblastosis fetalis

• Rh- mom exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus during delivery of first baby