TTU ANSC 3306 Exam 1

Disease

any departure from normal

effects of disease

poor production, efficiency, and profit

causes of disease

introduction of new animals, poor sanitation and management

pathogenic organisms

Living things capable of producing disease

viral

difficult to control, prevention is best

bacteria

produce toxins, rapidly multiply

fungal

live in soil, bacteria associated with secondary infection

protozoa

one-celled organisms that are more complex than bacteria

parasites

organisms that live on or in a host and cause it harm

predisposing causes of disease

species, breed or family, age, sex, nutritional defects, stress, environment

Not all ______ diseases are contagious, but all contagious diseases are _____

infectious

does a presence of microorganisms constitute an infection?

no

pathogenic

ability to produce symptoms

virulence

degree of pathogenicity

venereal

diseases caused by sexual activity

vectors

external parasites

fomites

any substance that is not food

excretions

feces, urination

secretions

nasal discharge, sputum (mucus from coughing)

3 other places diseases come from

soil, aerosolized, food/water

How do infectious agents get into the body

breaks in the skin, mucous membranes

respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, eyes, intestines

dys

abnormal

poly

many

a;an

without

hyper

above normal

hypo

below normal

brady

slow

tachy

fast/rapid

entero

intestinal

hema or hemo

blood

pnea

breathing

itis

inflammation

emia

blood condition

cardia

heart

uria

urine

pathy

disease

ology

study of

algia

pain in a specific area

cyte

cell

emesis

vomit

superficial pain

Pain that originates from the skin or mucous membranes; opposite of deep pain.

deep pain

pain that occurs in muscles, joints, bones, and connective tissues

visceral pain

poorly localized, general region

parietal pain

well localized, stabbing pain

referred pain

pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates

clinical signs of pain

abdominal, chest, extremities, pain on urination

acute vs chronic pain

Acute- less than 6 months

Chronic- more than 6 months

what causes an increase in body temperature

exercise, heat stroke, fever

heat stroke

when heat load increases faster than it can be dissipated

primary causes of heat stroke

mostly occurs in ruminants (they cant sweat)

wooly sheep

fat cattle

no shade or water

fever

A rise of body temperature above the normal. It is caused by cytokines produced in response to infection.

causes of fever

infectious (caused by pathogen)

noninfectious inflammation (untreated infection)

neoplastic (abnormal mass of tissue, tumor)

immune-mediated (response to infection)

drug induced

beneficial effects of fever

most pathogens aren't effected by low rise in temp

better host defence

inhibit bacteria

certain neoplastic cells are inhibited

bad effects of fever

5 degrees above normal is bad

infectious disease is most common cause of fever

protein loss, anorexia

causes of hypothermia

environment, cold wet wind

CNS disease

septicemia

hypothermia effects

newborns, cachexic, and aged animals are most susceptible

profound depression

reduction in ventilation, inhibit muscle movement

cough

normal respiratory defense mechanism

acute vs chronic

acute: less than month

chronic: more than month

upper airway cough

acute, loud, harsh, coarse, dry, hacking, and nonproductive

lower airway cough

soft, deep, productive

nasal discharge

nongaseous material that escapes through external nares

serous

clear, watery plasma

epistaxis

nosebleed

hemopytsis

coughing blood

dyspnea

respiratory distress

tachypnea

increase in respiratory rate

cyanosis

a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

diarrhea

the frequent flow of loose or watery stools

colic

manifestation of abdominal pain

melena

dark, tarry feces

caused by blood in lumen (digested blood)

dysentery

blood, fibrin, or mucous in the feces

caused by bleeding in distal intestinal tract

foreign body, intussusception, coccidiosis, salmonellosis, blister beetle toxicity

abdominal distention/constipation

feed, fluid, fat, fetus, flatulence, feces, or neoplasm

regurgitation

backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach, common in ruminants

vomiting

emesis

coordinated, preceded by nausea, increased salivation

dysphagia

abnormalities of prehension, mastication or swallowing

pain induced

neurological

obstructive

icterus

jaundice

expression of yellow coloration in the sclera and mucous membranes

icterus causes

bile stones, hepatitis, plant toxicity, liver flukes or abscess, NI (foals), leptospirosis, piroplasmosis

edema

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid in the interstitial spaces of the tissues or body cavities

peritoneal effusion

ascites

fluid that accumulates in the abdominal cavity

pleural effusion

hydrothorax

fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity

edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues

swelling

cardiac arrhythmia

abnormalities in the normal heart rate

most common in horses

causes of cardiac arrhythmia

excitement

autonomic imbalance

fever

sepsis

cardiac murmur

heart conditions that result in turbulent flow that is sufficient to cause resonance in adjacent structures

lymphadenopathy

enlarged lymphnodes

ataxia

lack of muscle coordination

obesity

due to the overconsumption of calories than required based on an animal's life stage and level of activity

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

stranguria

straining to urinate

urinary incontinence

involuntary voiding of urine

skin

first line of defence

mucous membranes

thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tract passages and secrete mucus that contains microbial killing substances

white blood cells

phagocytes

pyrexia

elevated body temperature

gastric acidity

innate barrier to infection because very few ingested microorganisms can survive the low pH of the stomach

lysozyme

enzyme found in mucous secretions

interferons

proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response

complement

The group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens

cytokines

cell signaling protein molecules

phagocytosis

2nd line of defense

ingestion of particulate material including pathogenic microorganisms