6142 M1 | [3] Group Properties

GROUP 1A — ALKALI METALS — Members

Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium, Cesium, Rubidium

GROUP 1A — Alkali Metals — Symbols

H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, NH₄⁺ (hypothetical/pseudoalkali metal)

GROUP 1A — Alkali Metals — Characteristics

Most reactive group; seldom found free in nature; soluble group

GROUP 1A — Alkali Metals — Valence

+1

GROUP 1A — Alkali Metals — Activity and Alkalinity

Na: 11; K: 19; K as OH⁻ is more alkaline

GROUP 1A — Alkali Metals — Degree of Solvation

Increases as atomic number decreases; Na is more soluble

HYDROGEN (H₂) — Other Names

Inflammable Air

HYDROGEN — Water Formation

Water-forming when burned with O₂

HYDROGEN — General Properties

Lightest element; element common to all acids

HYDROGEN — Abundance

Most abundant element in the universe; second is Li

HYDROGEN — Isotopes

Protium, Deuterium, Tritium

HYDROGEN — Protium

Most abundant hydrogen isotope

HYDROGEN — Deuterium

Heavy hydrogen; D₂O is heavy water/deuterated water and a solvent for NMR

HYDROGEN — Tritium

Radioactive hydrogen isotope

HYDROGEN — Preparation

Lane and Messerschmidt process

HYDROGEN — Lane and Messerschmidt Process

Conversion of water to H₂; produces 99% pure H₂

HYDROGEN — Haber Process

N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃ at high pressures

HYDROGEN — Industrial Uses

Haber process, oil hydrogenation, balloon inflation, and gas chromatography gas carrier/mobile phase

HYDROGEN — Oil Hydrogenation

Used in margarine production

HYDROGEN — Gas Chromatography

H₂ is used as a gas carrier/mobile phase; He is the most common mobile phase, followed by N₂ and Ne

LITHIUM (Li) — General Properties

Second most abundant element; aka Lithos (earth, rock); lightest metal

LITHIUM — Pharmacological Uses

Depressant and diuretic

LITHIUM — Depressant and Diuretic Side Effects

Hypovolemia and hyponatremia; ↑Li, ↓Na

LITHIUM — Mood Stabilizer

Sedative; drug of choice for manic/bipolar disorder

LITHIUM — Therapeutic Index

Narrow therapeutic index

LITHIUM — Non-pharmacological Use

Heat exchanger in air conditioner

LITHIUM BROMIDE (LiBr) — Use

Additive sedative effects

LITHIUM CARBONATE (Li₂CO₃) — Use

Drug of choice for mania and bipolar disorder

LITHIUM CARBONATE — Brand Names

Eskalith®, Lithase®, Quilonium®

SODIUM (Na) — Other Name

Natrium

SODIUM — Pharmaceutical Examples

Diclofenac Na and Naproxen Na

SODIUM — Diclofenac Na

NSAID for conditions like osteoarthritis

SODIUM — Naproxen Na

NSAID for pain, fever, and headache

SODIUM — Pharmaceutical Importance

Cation of choice for organic medications

SODIUM — Physiological Distribution

Extracellular fluid/ion

SODIUM — Physiological Function

Promotes fluid retention

SODIUM — Excess Sodium

Causes edema

SODIUM — Predominant Extracellular Cation

Na⁺

POTASSIUM (K) — Other Name

Kalium (Potash)

POTASSIUM — Physiological Distribution

Most abundant and predominant intracellular cation

POTASSIUM — Uses

Diuretic; important in muscle contraction

POTASSIUM — Deficiency

Hypokalemia (K⁺ deficiency) and muscle paralysis

AMMONIUM (NH₄⁺) — Classification

Hypothetical/pseudoalkali metal

AMMONIUM — Chemical Relationship

Conjugate acid of NH₃

AMMONIUM — Commercial Preparation of Ammonia

Haber process

AMMONIUM — Pharmaceutical Uses

Diuretic, expectorant, and buffer component

AMMONIA (NH₃) — Action

Respiratory stimulant; pungent odor

AMMONIA — Chemical Property

Basic; turns blue litmus

HOUSEHOLD AMMONIA — Concentration

10% or 16° Baumé NH₃

DILUTE AMMONIA SOLUTION — Concentration

9.5–10.5% NH₃

DILUTE AMMONIA SOLUTION — Use

Neutralization of insect and jellyfish stings

STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION/WATER — Concentration

27–31% NH₃

STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION — Other Name

Spirit of Hartshorn

AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT — Composition

Strong ammonia solution + ammonium carbonate; others include volatile oils of nutmeg and lemon, and ethanol

AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT — Other Name

Spirit of Sal Volatile

CESIUM (Cs) — Spectral Line

Blue; 1860

CESIUM — Discovery

First element discovered using a spectroscope (Kirchhoff-Bunsen spectroscope)

CESIUM — Use

Catalyst in polymerization of resin-forming material

RUBIDIUM (Rb) — Spectral Line

Red; 1861

GROUP 1B — COINAGE METALS — Members

Copper, Silver, Gold

GROUP 1B — Coinage Metals — Valence

2 (Divalent)

GROUP 1B — Coinage Metals — Occurrence

Free or in complexes/chelates; easily recovered from ore through metallurgy

GROUP 1B — Coinage Metals — Order of Malleability and Conductivity

3rd: Cu⁺¹,⁺²; 2nd: Ag⁺¹; 1st: Au⁺¹,⁺³

GROUP 1B — Coinage Metals — Reactivity

Low in the electromotive series and not very reactive

GROUP 1B — Coinage Metals — Oxides and Hydroxides

Weakly basic

GROUP 1B — Coinage Metals — Chemical Properties

Form complex anions and chelates

GROUP 1B — Coinage Metals — Oligodynamic Property

Ability to inhibit microorganism growth in small concentrations

COPPER (Cu) — Other Name

Cuprum

COPPER — Biological Importance

Essential trace element

COPPER — Oxidation State

Cuprous (Cu⁺¹ → Cu⁰ + Cu⁺²)

COPPER — Physical Property

Only reddish metal

COPPER — Biological Components

Hemocyanin (respiratory pigment) and cytochrome oxidase (with Fe)

COPPER — Brass

Cu + Zn

COPPER — Bronze

Cu + Sn

COPPER — Use

Protein precipitant (heavy metal)

BLISTER COPPER — Preparation

Obtained from furnace and covered with black blisters

COPPER — Toxicity

Wilson's disease

COPPER — Antidote

Penicillamine

SILVER (Ag) — Other Names

Argentum, Shining, Bright

SILVER — Oligodynamic Property

Germicidal action; ability of certain heavy metals to inhibit microorganism growth in small concentrations

SILVER — Uses

Protein precipitant

SILVER — Toxicity

Argyria

SILVER — Antidote

Normal Saline Solution (NSS)

MILD SILVER PROTEINATE (ARGYROL) — Concentration and Use

19–23%; eye antiseptic

STRONG SILVER PROTEINATE (PROTARGOL) — Concentration and Use

7.5–8.5%; ENT germicide

COLLOIDAL SILVER PROTEINATE (COLLARGOL) — Concentration and Use

18–22%; general germicide

SILVER PROTEINATES — Stabilizer

EDTA

COLLOIDAL SILVER CHLORIDE — Preparation Name

Lunosol

GOLD (Au) — Other Names

Aurum, Shining Dawn, King of all metals

GOLD — Dissolving Agents

Aqua regia and selenic acid

GOLD — Aqua Regia Composition

3 HCl + 1 HNO₃ (3:1)

GOLD — Selenic Acid

H₂SeO₄; only single acid that can dissolve gold

GOLD PREPARATIONS — Therapeutic Use

DMARD for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and gout

AUROTHIOGLUCOSE — Brand Name and Route

Solganal®; IM

GOLD SODIUM THIOMALATE — Brand Name and Route

Myochrysin®; IM

GOLD PRODUCTS — Present Use

Not commonly used nowadays because they can cause hypersensitivity

AURANOFIN — Brand Name and Route

Ridaura®; PO

AURANOFIN — Side Effect

Glossitis

PURPLE OF CASSIUS — Composition

Colloidal gold with stannic hydroxide