History 144 L15: The Armed Struggle Against Apartheid
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What event pushed liberation movements towards armed struggle?
Sharpeville Massacre
How had resistance been organised before Sharpeville?
Mostly non-violent protest
Armed wing of the PAC?
Poqo
Where did Poqo mainly operate?
Western and Eastern Cape
How was Poqo organised?
Secret underground cells
Who were Poqo's main targets?
Police and traditional leaders
Did Poqo attack civilians?
Yes, some white civilians
What happened to Poqo by the mid-1960s?
It was destroyed
What military wing replaced Poqo?
ALPA
What does APLA stand for?
Azanian People's Liberation Army
Where was APLA based?
Tanzania
What was the ANC's armed wing called?
Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)
When was MK established?
1961
Which organisation helped establish MK?
SACP
What were MK's first targets?
Government buildings and infrastructure
Which infrastructure did MK attack?
Railways and electricity installations
What government offices were targeted?
Bantu Administration Offices
Where did Mandela receive military training?
Ethiopia
When was Mandela arrested?
1962
Which trial sentenced Mandela to life imprisonment?
Rivonia Trial
When was the Rivonia Trial?
1964
What was MK's original strategy?
Sabotage
Why use sabotage?
Force government negotiations
Did the strategy work as planned?
No
What effect did it have instead?
Increased white support for the state
Why did the ANC move into exile?
Repression inside South Africa
Name the countries hosting ANC bases.
Zambia, Tanzania, Angola, and Uganda
Other ANC host countries?
Botswana, Swaziland, and Lesotho
Why was access to South Africa difficult?
Neighbouring states were under white rule
Which Zimbabwean movement worked with MK?
ZAPU
What was ZAPU's army called?
ZIPRA
What was the Wankie Campaign?
A joint military operation by MK and ZIPRA to cross the Zambezi River
What was the goal of the Wankie Campaign?
Create a route into South Africa
When did the Wankie Campaign occur?
1967
What was the outcome?
Defeat by Rhodesian forces
What type of terrain benefits guerrilla warfare?
Forests and mountains
What additional support do guerrillas need?
Local population support
Why was guerrilla warfare difficult in South Africa?
Geography and homeland system
What long-term problem faced MK?
Too many soldiers, few opportunities to fight
What helped politicise South Africans in the 1970s?
Black Consciousness
Did MK have much contact inside South Africa at first?
Very little
Which countries became independent in 1975?
Angola and Mozambique
Why was their independence important to ANC?
Allowed ANC bases there
Where did the PAC remain based?
Tanzania
Which country often served as a first stop for recruits?
Swaziland
Where were recruits usually taken afterwards?
Mozambique
Which country hosted transit camps?
Tanzania
Where did some receive further training?
Soviet Union
What was Military Combat Work?
Combining military and political activity
What did recruits help organise?
Political mobilisation
What were underground cells used for?
Secret organisation
Where did many young recruits from the Soweto Uprising go?
ANC camps in Angola
Which liberation movement also had camps in Angola?
SWAPO
Which Zimbabwean liberation army trained there?
ZIPRA
What type of training did ANC recruits receive?
Military and political
How did MK describe itself?
As a political army
What ideology influenced training?
Marxism
Were recruits taught to fight white people or apartheid?
Apartheid
Which country did ANC leaders visit in 1978?
Vietnam
Why did they visit Vietnam?
To study guerrilla warfare
What strategy document resulted?
Green Book
What did the Green Book emphasise?
Mass mobilisation
Which organisations did the Green Book stress working with?
Trade unions and community groups
What did MK do during the 1980s?
Sent operatives into South Africa
Who did the MK contact?
Student and community activists
Which movement often worked alongside ANC activism?
UDF
Why was MK important symbolically?
It gave the ANC credibility
What increased sharply after 1985?
Sabotage and bombings
Did large numbers of MK soldiers enter SA?
No
Where were many MK soldiers based?
Angola
Why were many frustrated? (MK)
Few opportunities to fight
Which Angolan movement did the ANC support?
MPLA
Who fought against MPLA?
UNITA
Why were MK soldiers upset?
They felt that they were fighting Angola’s war
What happened in 1984?
MK protest march
From where to where? (MK protest march)
Malanje to Luanda
How were protests handled? (MK)
Suppressed
What was Quatro?
ANC detention camp
Why was Quatro controversial?
Reports of brutality
Which force conducted raids into Angola?
SADF
Who was SADF targeting?
ANC and SWAPO
How did ANC respond? (SADF)
Moved bases north
Was military service compulsory for white men?
Yes
What weakened white support for the war?
Soldier deaths
What negotiations began in the mid-1980s?
Namibia-for-Cuba deal
What would South Africa do?
Leave Namibia
What would Cuba do?
Leave Angola
When was the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale?
1988
Who stopped the SADF advance?
Cuban forces
Why is it significant? (battle)
Turning point in war
When did the ceasefire begin?
1 September 1988
What happened to ANC bases in Angola?
Closed
Where did ANC's main centre move?
Tanzania
Which organisation won Namibia's 1989 election?
SWAPO
When did Namibia become independent?
21 March 1990
What happened on independence day?
South African flag lowered
Why did ANC struggle to wage guerrilla warfare?
Geography and lack of access
What event boosted ANC recruitment most?
Soweto Uprising
What was the Green Book?
ANC strategy document from 1978
What was the major turning point in Angola?
Battle of Cuito Cuanavale