Study guide for Exam 2

Subdivision Otocephala

• clupeomorpha

• aleptocephali

• osteriophysi

Superorder Osteriophysi

• cypriniformes

• Characiformes

• siluriformes

• Gymnotiformes

Subdivision Euteleostei

• Protacanthopterygii

• Paracanthopterygii

• Acanthopterygii

• Osmeromorpha

• Cyclosquamata

• Ateleopodomorpha

• Lamprimorpha

• Scopelomorpha

Superorder Clupeomorpha Synapomorphy

• Extensions from the swim bladder into the skull that attach to the otoliths which enhance the fish’s ability to sense vibrations in the water. The bones are called

Superorder Ostariophysi Synapomorphies

• Schrekstoff

  • Pheremones that signal near by fishes that there is danger and can insight 3 behaviors, flee, hide or clump together.

• Webarian Apparatus

  • These are bones (called webarian ossicles) that connect the swim bladder and otoliths in the inner ear that greatly enhance the fishes ability to sense vibrations (similar to the clupeomorpha)

Order Cypriniformes

• Contains the gold fish which can tolerate anoxia for great periods of time due to their ability to rely on a version of anaerobic respiration that makes them drunk as it produces ethanol as a by product. This adaptation allows them to live in anoxic waters where other fishes cannot inhabit.

Order Characiformes

• First appearance of

  • Adipose fin

    • just a fatty lobe with no other purpose than for sexual selection

  • Ctenoid scales

Order Siluriformes

• The catfishes

  • they all have chemosensory barbs

Gymnotiformes

• The knife fishes that can generate weak electrical currents

• long dorsal and or anal fins

• obligate air breathers

Superorder Protacanthopterygii

• Salmoniformes

• Esociformes

Order Salmoniformes

• Onchorynchus

  • this is the sockeye salmon, they are semelparous and feed in the Atlantic gyre for 2 years before returning to their birth river. it is important to note that each population (~150) is specifically adapted to their river conditions. When they make their migration their digestive systems break down to make more space for gonads and improve reproductive success. They are both ecologically and economically vital.

Superorder Osmeromorpha

• Osmeriformes

• Stomiiformes

Characteristics:

• first instance

  • Physoclistous swim bladder

    • This swim bladder is not connected to the esophagus, it is the derived state. Most common in meso- and bathypelagic species where they do not visit the surface often.

Osmeriformes

• Fishes

  • Capelin

  • Rainbow smelt

  • candlefish

    • these fishes are important to First Nations people. They lack a swim bladder, are anadromous and semelparous.

stomiiformes

• These are deep sea fishes that often have bioluminescence

  • Bioluminescence types

    • Ancestral:

      • done by the fish itself through the use of luciferin

    • Derived

      • done by photogenic bacteria

    • purpose:

      • signaling

      • mimicry

      • conter illumination

Ateleopodomorpha

• ateleopodiformes

  • Pelvic fin is now a single ray and anterior to the pectoral fins.

  • jellynose fish

Cyclosquamata

• Aulopiformes

  • bioluminescent and hermaphroditic

  • greeneye, lizardfish, tripodfish

Scopelomorpha

• myctophiformes

  • lanternfishes, and blackchins

  • they can be bioluminescent too

Lamprimorpha

• Lampriformes

  • Oar fish

  • Opah fish

    • limited whole body endothermy

Paracanthopterygii

• 4 orders

• 3 Marine

  • Gadiformes

• 1 FW

  • Percopsiformes

    • cave fish

Gadiformes

• Family Gadidae

  • Atlantic cod, pollack and haddock

  • their pelvic fins are anterior to their pectoral fins

  • cycloid scales

  • physoclistous swim bladder

  • they are the only fishes with 3 dorsal fins and 2 anal fins

Superorder Acanthopterygii Characteristics

• most have

  • ctenoid scales

  • soft and spiny fin rays on the same fish

    • what this means in terms of lepidotrichia

      • Many have bony fin rays which are soft

        • these are branched and segmented

      • many now have a new kind of spiny ray

        • these are not branched or segmented

Superorder Acanthopterygii

• Beryciformes

  • includes the squirrelfish, are all marine

• Trachichthyiformes

  • the slimehead/orange roughy which was almost hunted to extinction

• Ophidiiformes

  • very deep sea, anterior pelvic fin

• Gobiiformes

• cichliformes

• antheriniformes

• beloniformes

  • the flying fish and the halfback

• cyprinodotiformes

  • includes the desert pupfish that can survive extreme heat, flash flooding, and high salinities

• Synbranchiformes

  • these are the swamp eels, the only fully freshwater hermaphrodites

• Carangiformes

  • contains the mahi mahi, and remoras (the fishes that stick to sharks, they have modified dorsal fin)

• Istiophoraformes

  • These are the barracuda, sailfishes, blue marlin and sword fishes

• anabantiformes

  • these contain the siamese fighting fish and blue gourami

• Pleuronectiformes

  • these are the flatfishes

• syngathiformes

  • the seahorses, pipefish and trumpet fishes

• Scombriformes

  • Tuna and mackerel

• Labriformes

  • humphead, parrotfish, cunner, wrasse

• Perciformes

  • most speciose

• scorpaeniformes

  • rougheye , rockfishes, longspine, wolffish, stickleback, sea raven, sculpin, lumpfish

• moroniformes

  • stripped bass

• lophiiformes

  • anglerfish, batfish

• tetraodontiformes

  • cowfish, triggerfish, porcupinefish, pufferfishes, sunfish

Gobiiformes

• Family Gobiidae

  • second most speciose family

    • it includes the world’s smallest vertebrate (mature at just under a centimeter. They have modified pelvic fins so that they can stick to things

    • mud-skippers have an organ in their pharynx that helps them survive on land, they are able to retain an air bubble in their gills

Cichliformes

• Family chichlidae

  • many underwent sympatric speciation

  • many are mouth brooders

Antheriniformes

• This has the Atlantic silverside fish

  • Higher temperature means higher cortisol, this results in a down regulation of aromatase which results in lower estrogen and higher testosterone. Therefore, in cooler springs, there will be more females produced and in higher temperatures, more males will be produced.

Cyprinidontiformes

• lots of variation and impressive life histories

  • Austrofundulus myersi

    • an annual cyprinidont, Adults will spawn at the end of the rainy season so their eggs may enter diapause in the dry season to continue development in the rainy season once more.

    • they mature in 2-3 months

  • 2 species kryptolebias can self fertilize

    • Colonial lineages and simultaneous hermaphroditism is common, however they have a remarkable ability to retain genetic diversity (females produce more eggs when males are around → an injection of heterozygosity)

  • Poeciliopsis monacha & P. lucida

    • 2 ways of matrilineal inheritance

      • triploid egg: the sperm fertilizes a triploid egg but does not contribute to the nucleus, it is simply used to activate the egg

      • Haploid egg: The sperm restores diploidy but at least the phoenotypic sex characteristics are silenced if not all of them from the male genome

order synbranchiformes

• Swamp eels

  • they are the only fully fw hermaphrodites

order Crangiformes

• contains the mahi mahi and tahe remoras which ahs a modified dorsal fin to stick to bigger nimals like sharks

  • gobiidae have similar modifications to their pelvic fin

Order istiophoraformes

• the sailfish

  • 2 large pelvic fins that it can retract and protract when it wants to speed up and a very large dorsal fin

Order Pleuronectiformes

• These are the flatfishes, they include the atlantic halibut

  • the larvae are bilaterally symmetrical, once metamorphosis occurs the fish can be either dextral (right sided) or sinistral (left sided)

  • during metamorphosis one of their eyes migrates to the other side, this occurs at around 1-3 months of age

  • they have a great ability for camoflauge, using chromatophores they can control using a neuro-hormal system

Order Syngnathiformes

• These are the Seahorses

  • Paternal care is great → even male pregnancy and birth. the eggs are transferred from female to a male cavity where they are even nourished by the male. It is analogous to placental transfer of maternal nutrients to embryos

Order Scombriformes

• Tuna and Mackerel

Labriformes

• Cunner, wrasse, humphead and parrotfish

  • The corkwing wrasse is used to eat the parasites in salmon netpen AQ

Perciformes

• the most speciose order; the number of species in this order is roughly equal to the number of bird species in the world

• they contain the perches, the rainbow darter, groupers (the massive ones and are all marine)

• Family Centrachidae

  • these are many of the basses, sunfishes, crappies and the bluegill

The Bluegill male reproductive strategy

• The males have 2 reproductive strategies

  • Parental male

    • the parental male acts as a male who attracts other females in the area and plays fair to mate with them

  • The cuckolder male

    • The cuckolder males mature much earlier than the parental males which allows them to be smaller and hide in places that the parental males will not see, then once the female has layed her eggs they will go and ejaculate near the eggs then swim away to get a chance to fertilize some of the eggs. When they get older and bigger, they will start to look more like females and act as ‘satelite’ males who will trick the parental male into letting the satellite male stay and again get a chance to fertilize the real females eggs.

Perciformes

• Home to the archer fish who shows evidence of tool use

Scorpaeniformes

• Home to the rougheye, rockfish, stickleback, sculpin, sea raven, wolffish, lumpfish etc.

• this order has the greatest variability in life span within a single genus, the sebastes genus. the Rougheye can live for over 205 ears while the calico can live only 12 years.

• Along with the cod, the acadian redfish were fished to the brink of extinction in the 90s but since a moratorium on the fishery began they have had a comeback

Moroniformes

• Home to the striped bass

Lophiiformes

• These include the anglerfishes and the red lipped batfish (modified pelvic fins to allow it to move like a tetrapod underwater)

• characteristics

  • many of species will have an illicium (which is the rod and line) and an esca (which acts as the bait) to help with prey attraction and capture.

  • sexual dimorphism is great in these fishes, the male is much smaller than the female and the males essentially fuse to the female for the rest of their lives

• many of these fishes are deep sea, as such their rod, lines and baits often have bacterial photophores.

Tetraodontiformes

• These fishes do not have the streamlined body plan anymore, they are often a unique shape.

• e.g.

  • boxfishes

  • pufferfishes

  • filefishes

  • triggerfishes

  • sunfishes

• none of them are very fast swimmers, all species scales are either modified into strong plates, spines, or leathery skin.

• Furthermore their jaws often contain 4 fused teeth.

Ceratotrichia

• the fin rays in chondrichthyes

  • they are unbranched and made of keratin

Lepidotrichia

• fin rays that can be soft or spiny

  • soft fin rays are branched and segmented

  • spiny fin rays are not branched or segmented.

Beryciformes

squirrelfish

Trachichthyiformes

orange roughy

• Extensively fished, slow life history, suffering from fisheries

ophidiiformes

The cuskeel

• one of the deepest diving fishes, dwelling at about 8200m

• anterior pelvic fins

• some are scalless

Beloniformes

Flying fish and halfbeek

Anabantiformes

• siamese fighting fish and blue gourami

  • they are air breathers and they use a specialised labyrinth organ