Plant Growth

From what structure on are the tissues in the stem considered the bark?

Everything outside the vascular cambium

What are the 2 types of growth in plants?

Primary and secondary growth

What does primary growth do?

Increases length of roots and shoots

What does secondary growth do?

Increase girth of roots and shoots

Where does all growth in plants start?

at the meristems

The meristem is comparable to what type of cells in animals?

Stem cells

What do the apical meristems do and where are they found?

Cause primary growth, are found at the tips of the roots and shoots.

What does the protoderm produce?

The epidermis​

What does the procambium produce?

xylem, phloem and vascular cambium

What does the ground meristem produce?

The cortex, pith, endodermis and cork cambium

What does the shoot apical meristem produce?

the stems, buds, and leaves.

What additional meristem do monocots have?

an intercalary meristem

What is the purpose of the intercalary meristem?

causes leaves to lengthen from their base

What does the lateral meristem do and where is it found?

Cause secondary growth, is found along the length of the roots and shoots

Do monocots undergo secondary growth?

No

What tissues do the vascular cambium produce?

secondary xylem, xylem rays, phloem, phloem rays​.

Where does secondary vascular tissue form?

between the primary xylem and phloem.

What direction is secondary xylem and phloem produced?

secondary xylem towards inside of the stem and the secondary phloem towards the outside of the stem.

If a branch is measured to be 3 meters above the ground, in 20 years what distance will it be from the ground?

It will still be 3 meters because growth occurs from the top of the stem not the bottom.

What is an example of a herbaceous plant that undergoes secondary growth?

Sunflowers

What does the interfascicular cambium produce?

parenchymatous pith rays​

What 2 tissues does the fascicular cambium produce?

The secondary xylem and phloem within the vascular bundles​

What 2 tissues does the cork cambium produce?

cork and phelloderm​

Which direction do cork cells grow and what do they become?

towards the outside and eventually become the outer bark

What does the Phelloderm become and what does it help maintain?

becomes the secondary cortex and helps maintain the cork cambium

Describe the pericycle

located just inside the endoderm and produces lateral roots​

What is necessary for lateral transport?

Xylem and phloem rays

What do the stomata of young bark turn into?

lenticels

What is the function of lenticels?

allow for gas exchange

What causes bark to appear cracked?

If cork growth does not keep up with the increase in girth