HD 1130 Chapter 7

What are Piaget's 4 cognitive stages?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

What is Piaget's preoperational stage?

Ages 2- 7; children use symbols and language but lack reversible mental operation

What is the symbolic function substage

Ages 2–4; children mentally represent absent objects; egocentrism and animism occur.

What is the intuitive thought substage

Ages 4–7; children use primitive reasoning and ask many questions.

What is egocentrism

Difficulty distinguishing one's own perspective from another person's.

What is animism

Believing inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and can act.

What is centration

Focusing on one characteristic while ignoring others.

What is conservation

Understanding that changing appearance does not change basic properties.

Why do preoperational children struggle with conservation

They focus on one feature, such as height, and cannot yet mentally reverse changes

What is Vgotsky’s main theory

Cognitive development occurs through social interaction and cultural learning

What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Tasks a child cannot do along but can learn with guidance

What is scaffolding

Adjusting support as a child learns; gradually reducing help as skills improve.

What is private speech

Self-directed speech used to plan, guide, and regulate behavior.

How do Piaget and Vgotsky differ

Piaget emphasizes stages and discovery; Vygotsky emphasizes social interaction and language.

What is myelination

Insulating nerve cells with fatty material to increase signaling speed and efficiency.

What nutrition problem is highlighted in this chapter

Iron deficiency anemia, a common nutritional problem in young children

What is the 5-2-1-0 nutrition and activity guideline?

5+ fruit/vegetable servings, ≤2 hours screen time, ≥1 hour activity, 0 sugary drinks daily.

what is executive function

Higher-level cognitive control: inhibition, flexibility, goal-setting, and delaying gratification.

What is theory of mind

Understanding one's own and others' mental states, including differing or false beliefs.

What is mindfulness

Paying attention to the present moment with awareness and without judgment.

What are false beliefs and when do children recognize them

not everyone has same beliefs/ideas and sometimes beliefs are untrue (3-5 years)