Anatomy of the Urogenital Systems

Kidney Location

retroperitoneal

• behind periotenal cavity
  -houses GI system organs

• posterior abdominal region

lateral to vertebral column

t12-l3

Kidney Fat Layers

surrounded+protected by layers of fat+facsia

superficial→deep

1. paranephric fat

2. renal fascia

3. perinephric fat

4. fibrous renal capsule

Kidney Function

removes

• toxins

• drugs

• metabolic wastes

regulates total water volume

regulates total solute concentration of blood

regulates ECF ion concentrations

produces urine (2-stage process)

1. glomerular filtration
   -non-selective

2. water+salt+sugar reabsorbed into venuous system
   -further fine-tuning→via secretion

Nephron

functional unit of kidney

2 components

• renal corpuscule
  -glomerulus
  -glomerular capsule

• renal tubule
  -PCR
  -nephron loop
  -DCT

Renal Cortex

outer margin of kidney

site of urine production

contains

• capillaires

• tubes

• majority of nephrons

Renal Pyramids

contains numerous urine collecting ducts
-nephrons drain into these

ducts open→at papilla of renal pyramid

Renal Medulla

region containing renal pyramids

Renal Column

pillars between adjacent renal pyramids

contains A+Vs

Urine Drainage Pathway

renal cortex→nephrons→renal pyramid papilla→minor calyx→major calyx→renal pelvis→ureter→bladder

Hilum

slit in kidney

for entrance+exit of vessels

entering kidney

• renal A

exiting kidney

• ureter

• renal V

Renal Artery

branches off abdominal aorta A

enters kidney via hilum

right renal A longer than left renal A

Renal Vein

drains blood from kidney

carries blood back to inferior vena cava V

left renal V longer than right renal V

Ureter

muscular tubes

from kidneys to bladder

Bladder Structure

situated within pelvic cavity

• posterior to pubis bones

• posterior to pubic symphysis

made of smooth muscle→contraction aids in voiding/emptying bladder

internal surface→contains rugae

Bladder Function

fxn→temporary storage of urine

full→expands superiorly into abdomen

adults→1½ pints urine

Ureteric Orifice

prevents backflow of urine up ureters

Internal Urethral Orifice

tube where urine exits bladder

Bladder Urine Pathway

1. ureter

2. ureteric orifice

3. bladder

4. internal urethral orifice

5. urethra

Trigone

smooth triangle surface

between ureteric orifices+urethral orifice

Urethra

drains the bladder to the exterior

• internal urethral orifice

• external urethral orifice

differences between males+females

Male vs Female Urethra

female

• short→4 cm
  -clinical→women more susceptible to bladder infxns

• carries only urine

• external urtheral orifice→anterior to vagina

males

• longer

• 3 distinct parts
  -prostatic urethra
  -membranous urethra
  -spongy urethra

• carries urine+semen

• external urethral orifice→on glans penis

Adrenal/Suprarenal Glands

“chewed bubble gum on top of the kidneys”

above kidneys

responsible for production of over 30 different hormones

• estrogen

• progesterone

• steroids

• cortisol

• dopamine

• adrenaline

True vs False Pelvis

true pelvis

• inferior parts of pelvic bones

• sacrum

• coccyx

• has inlet+outlet

• pelvic cavity

false pelvis

• superior region→upper parts of pelvic bones

• lower lumbar vertebrae

• considered part of abdomen

Pelvic Cavity Structure

bowl-shaped cavity→in true pelvis

continuous with abdomninal cavity

formed by

• pelvic inlet

• pelvic walls

• pelvic floor

Pelvic Cavity Location

fxn→house organs

• bladder

• rectum

• sigmoid colon

• male/female reproductive tract

Male Pelvic Cavity

contains

• bladder

• rectum

• connection bewteen urinary+reproductive tracts

• seminal vesicles

• vas deferens (portion)

Female Pelvic Cavity

contains

• anterior→bladder

• intermediate→uterus

• posterior→rectum

• fallopian tube

• ovary

• sigmoid colon

• connection between vagina+uterus

Pelvic Inlet (General)

hole in pelvic bone

posterior components

• body of S1

• TP of S1

• rim on pelvic bones to pubic symphysis

Female Pelvic Inlet Pathway

pregnancy→uterus expands into abdomen

1. fetus passes through pelvic inlet

2. fetus passes through pelvic outlet

Pelvic Wall Components

bones

• sacrum

• coccyx

• inferior half of os coxae

muscles

• obturator internus

• piriformis

ligaments

Sacrotuberous Ligament

links os coxae to sacrum

from sacrum→ischial tuberosity

closes greater sciatic notch

Sacrospinous Ligament

from sacrum→ischial spine

closes lesser sciatic notch

Pelvic Outlet

diamond-shaped

formed by

• bone
  -ischiopubic ramus
  -ischial tuberosity
  -coccyx

• sacrotuberous ligament

• pubic symphysis

Pelvic Floor

separates pelvic cavity from perineum

contains

• fascia

• muscles

• levator ani muscles

• coccygeous muscles

Levator Ani Muscles

walls of pelvis→midline

form pelvic diaphragm

Coccygeous Muscles

sacrum+coccyx→ischial spine

posterior portion of pelvic diaphragm

Pelvic Floor

muscles→form pelvic diaphragm

supported by

• perineal membrane
  -thick facsial sheet

• deep perineal pouch
  -narrow space
  -deep to perineal membrane

pierced by

• vagina

• urethra

• anus (on way to perineum)

Perineum Location

inferior to pelvic floor

between lower ribs

margins→formed by pelvic outlet

divided into

• urogenital triangle

• anal triangle
  -”imaginary” line
  -between ischial tuberosities

Perineum: Urogenital Triangle

part of perineum

urogenital hiatus→houses openings of

• vagina

• urethra (distal end enclosed in erectile tissue of penis)

Perineum: Anal Triangle

houses opening of anus→external ana sphincter
-circular muscle fiber orientation

Male vs Female Bony Pelvis

females→increased diameter→obsterical demands

greater sciatic notch→wider in females

body of pubis→taller in males

subpubic angle

• female→80-85°

• male→50-60°

pelvic inlet

• female→oval shaped+wider

• male→heart shaped

auricular surface

• males→cover first 3 sacral elements

• females→cover first 2 sacral elements

Primary Sex Organs vs Accessory Reproductive Organs

primary sex organs→gonads

• produce gametes
  -ova
  -sperm

• testes vs ovaries

• secrete sex hormones
  -male→androgen
  -female→estrogen+progesterone

accessory reproductive organs

• ducts

• glands

• external genitalia

Vulva

composed of

• mons pubis
  -skin+adipose tissue
  -cover pubic bones+symphysis

• labia majora
  -outer borders

• labia minora
  -medial to labia majora

• glans clitoris
  -partially covered by prepuce
  -homologous to penis

Vestibule

space between labia minora

contains

• external urethral orifice
  -opening of urethra

• vaginal orifice

Uterus

pear-shaped

thick muscular walls

hollow

anterior to rectum

posterior to bladder

3 sections

1. fundus
   -domed

2. body
   -uterine canal

3. cervix
   -extends into vagina

Features of the Cervix (Uterus)

cervical canal

internal os

external os

fornix

Vagina+Vaginal Canal

smooth muscle

superior→cervix

inferior→external vaginal opening

Ovary of Uterus

produces eggs

releases egg every month

only connected to uterus via ligaments

Fallopian/Uterine Tube of Uterus

site of fertiliation

components

• ostium
  -opening of fallopian tube

• infundibulum
  -widened portion of fallopian tube

• fimbriae
  -finger-like extension of infundibulum
  -”sweeps” egg from ovary→fallopian tube

Uterus

site of implantation of the egg

3 parts

• fundus

• body

• cervix

Cervix of Uterus

inferior portion of uterus

extends into vaginal

cervical canal

• canal through cervix

openings

• internal os

• external os

Fornix of Uterus

the surrounding space of the cervix (on the sides of the opening)

components

• anterior fornix

• posterior fornix

• lateral fornix x2

Broad Ligament

sheet-like ligament

fold in peritoneum

connects uterus+fallopian tubes→pelvic walls

Suspensory Ligament

suspends ovary from lateral wall of pelvis

runs with ovarian A+V

Ovarian Ligament

connects ovary to uterus

found within broad ligament

Round Ligament

exits pelvis via inguinal canal→ends in connective tissue of labia majora

found within broad ligament→until inguinal canal

Male Reproductive Structures (General)

primary sex organs→external→sperm production needs to occur below body temperature

many structures→truly urogenial in fxn

External Genitalia

scrotum

• houses testes

• muscles+fascia

penis

• root

• body

• glans

• prepuce

Root of Penis

anchors penis to body

crura x2

• proximal parts of corpus cavernosa

bulb

• proximal part of corpus spongiosum

Body of Penis

entirely covered in skin

terminates in glans penis
-contains external urethral orifice

contains erectile tissue

• corpus cavernosa

• corpus spongiosum

Corpus Cavernosum of Penis

paired

erectile tissue

each contains deep artery of penis

Corpus Spongiosum of Penis

single

erectile tissue

spongy urethra runs through

proximal→bulb

Spongy Urethra of Penis

runs through corpus spongiosum

caries urine/semen

Glans Penis

distal

expanded end of corpus spongiosum

Testes

produces sperm+testosterone

before birth→abdominal→descend before birth

external→sperm can’t be at body temperature
-housed in scrotum

components

• straight tubules

• rete testis

• epididymydis

Seminiferous Tubules of Testes

site of sperm production

Epididymydis of Testes

storage+maturation of sperm

• head

• body

• tail

Vas/Ductus Deferens

carries sperm from testes→into pelvic cavity

runs with testicular A+V→form spermatic cord in scrotum

located in inguinal canal

within pelvis

1. runs along bladder

2. combines with seminal vesicle duct

3. forms ejaculatory duct

4. pierces prostate

5. dumps into prostatic urethra

Male Bladder Location

inferior to bladder→prostate gland

posterolateral to bladder→seminal vesicles

Seminal Vesicles

lie on posterior surface of bladder

produce components of seminal fluid

Prostate Gland

inferior to bladder

produces prostatic secretions→mix with seminal fluid+sperm→semen

pierced by prostatic urethra

Prostatic Urethra Pathway

1. bladder

2. urethra

3. prostate+ejaculatory ducts

4. prostatic urethra

Membranous Urethra of Penis

small portion of urethra

from prostatic urethra→through deep perineal pouch+pelvic floor→spongy urethra

Spermatic Cord

runs through inguinal canal

contains

• cremaster muscle+fascia

• cremasteric A+V

• testicular A

• testicular V (in pampiniform plexus)

• vas deferens

• A to vas deferens

• branch of genitofemoral N

• sympathetic+visceral N fibers

exits via

• deep inguinal ring

• inguinal canal

• superficial inguinal ring

Sperm Pathway

1. sperm produced in testes

2. sperm stored in epididymis

3. vas deferens

4. inguinal canal

5. pelvic cavity

6. seminal vesicles+vas deferens combine together

7. ejaculatory duct
   -carry sperm+seminal fluid together

8. prostatic urethra

9. prostate→secretes prostatic secretions

10. sperm+seminal fluid+prostatic secretions→semen

11. prostatic urethra

12. membranous urethra

13. spongy urethra
    -in corpus spongiosum