General Science 11 - Chemical Reactions, Reactions in Nature, and Solutions Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering types of chemical reactions, environmental reactions, and solution terminology for the General Science 11 First Summative Test Review.

Synthesis Reaction

A chemical reaction in which substances combine to form ONE product ($A + B \rightarrow AB$; e.g., $Mg + O_2 \rightarrow MgO$).

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction in which ONE reactant breaks down into many products ($AB \rightarrow A + B$; e.g., $2H_2O \rightarrow 2H_2 + O_2$).

Single Displacement Reaction

A chemical reaction in which a more reactive element replaces another element in a compound ($A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$; e.g., $Cu + AgNO_3 \rightarrow Ag$).

Double Displacement Reaction

A chemical reaction in which two compounds exchange ions to form two new compounds ($AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$; e.g., $AgNO_3 + NaCl \rightarrow AgCl + NaNO_3$).

Combustion Reaction

A reaction in which a fuel reacts rapidly with oxygen to release heat and light, producing carbon dioxide and water ($\text{Fuel} + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O + \text{energy}$).

Neutralization Reaction

A type of double displacement reaction where an acid and a base react to produce a salt and water ($\text{Acid} + \text{base} \rightarrow \text{salt} + \text{water}$; e.g., $HCl + NaOH \rightarrow NaCl + H_2O$).

Antacids

Substances containing bases such as $Mg(OH)_2$ that neutralize excess stomach acid.

Photosynthesis

A process in plants where carbon dioxide and water react in the presence of light to produce glucose and oxygen ($CO_2 + H_2O + \text{light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + O_2$).

Cellular Respiration

A process in which glucose and oxygen react to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as products ($C_6H_{12}O_6 + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O + \text{energy}$).

Ocean Acidification

The reaction of atmospheric carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid ($CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3$), which weakens $CaCO_3$ shells and disrupts the food chain.

Acid Rain

A synthesis reaction between sulfur dioxide and water forming sulfuric acid ($SO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2SO_4$), which acidifies lakes and soil.

Carbon Capture

A process in which $CO_2$ reacts with minerals to form solid carbonate rock, permanently removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Deforestation

The removal of vegetation resulting in fewer plants to absorb $CO_2$, causing atmospheric $CO_2$ levels to rise.

Sealed Biosphere

A closed system where light intensity and duration are regulated to maintain a balance between $O_2$ and $CO_2$ levels through photosynthesis and respiration.

Solute

The substance in a solution that dissolves (for example, sugar).

Solvent

The substance in a solution that does the dissolving (for example, water).

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that is still capable of dissolving additional solute.

Saturated Solution

A solution in which no more solute can dissolve, causing extra solute grains to settle at the bottom.

Concentrated Solution

A solution that contains a relatively large amount of solute in a given amount of solvent.

Dilute Solution

A solution that contains a relatively small amount of solute in a given amount of solvent.

Temperature (Solubility Factor)

A factor affecting solubility where the solubility of most solids increases as the solvent gets hotter (e.g., honey dissolving more easily in hot tea than in iced tea).

Surface Area (Dissolving Factor)

A factor affecting dissolving rate where smaller particles expose more surface area, allowing them to dissolve faster (e.g., finely ground coffee dissolving quickly).

"Like Dissolves Like"

The solubility rule stating that a solvent can only dissolve solutes of similar chemical nature (e.g., oil does not dissolve in water, requiring mineral spirits for oily machinery).

Universal Solvent

A property of water referring to its ability to dissolve and transport a wide variety of nutrients and wastes in blood.

Solar Still

A device that uses sunlight to evaporate seawater and condenses the clean vapor into a separate container, separating pure water from dissolved salts.

Percent by Volume

A concentration measure calculated by multiplying total volume by the percentage; e.g., a $70\%$ concentration in $500\,\text{mL}$ yields $350\,\text{mL}$ of pure isopropyl alcohol ($0.70 \times 500 = 350$).