PUBHLTH 370 exam 1

normal phase of disease

no disease

biological onset of disease

when disease starts; symptoms not present

clinical phase

clinical disease to prevent death

diagnosis

process of identifying disease or disorder

prognosis of disease

the predicted course and outcome of disease

acute: sudden onset, short duration

terminal: diseases that will end in death

chronic: slower, less severe onset and long duration

prognosis is editable

remission: reduction or disappearance of sign and symptoms; no cure

recurrence: return of a sign or symptom after remission

relapse: return of disease after its apparent cure

exacerbation: increase in the severity of a disease or signs/ symptoms

complication: related disease or other abnormal stat in person already with disease

disease

a significant disturbance in homeostasis of body that modifies the vital function

disorder

abnormality in function; not disease itself, may or may not have specific signs and symptoms

syndrome

a group of signs/ symptoms related to a common alteration

pathology

study if changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease

physiology

the mechanisms of human body functioning

pathophysiology

the study of the functional changes that occur in the body as result of injury, disorder or disease

health

is the condition in which the human body performs its vital functions normally homeostasis

disease

a significant disturbance in the homeostasis of the body that modifies the performance of vital functions

types of risks

environmental, physiological, social, chemical, genetic

etiological factor

biological understanding of how cause of disease leads to structural and functional physiological changes that result in disease

etiologic factors

heredity, congenital, degenerative, inflamatory, autoimmune, allergic, infectious, neoplastic, metabolic

what are the biological mechanisms

components: physical entities

interactions: how components effect eachother

outcome: final result of components and there interactions

passive transport

diffusion through the lipid bilayer from high to low concentration

facilitated difusion

requires transport proteins through the channel proteins and transport proteins must be present

endocytosis

process to transport large substances into cells

phagocytosis

ingesting large particles

cellular respiration

series of metabolic processes that transforms nutrients from our diet into energy and waste products

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose into 2 ATP molecules

aerobic respiration

produces additional 34 ATP, requires oxygen, citric acid cycle

ligands

signaling molecules, bind to receptors on other cells

receptors

on other cells that can attach to ligands

cellular reproduction

necessary for: growth, development, repair of tissues

proliferate

increase in cell number

differentiate

changes in physical and functional properties of cells, directs cell to develop specific cell types

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

atrophy

decrease in size of cell

hypertrophy

increase in size of cell

metaplasia

changing of one cell type to another in response to a persistent stressor

dysplasia

change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure in response to a stressor

apoptosis

programmed cell death prompted by a genetic signal; replace old cells with new

necrosis

death of cells related to cell injury and inflammation

how serious is a disease to individual

survival, quality of life, social and economical factor

how serious is a disease to public

contagiousness, economic impact, prevalence, pop of interest, burden of disease, incidence, morbidity, mortality

epidemeology

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations

prevalence

percentage or proportion of a population affected with a given disease for a specified point or period in time

calculating prevalence

number of people who are cases at a specified time/ number of persons in the population at the time

point prevalence

prevalence over a specified point in time

period prevalence

prevalence over a period in time

incidence

percentage or proportion of a specified population that is newly affected with a given disease in a given period of time

morbidity

burden of diseases in a pop, can be prevalence, can be used to describe a state of being diseased

mortality

death

mortality rate

percent of proportion of a population that has died during specified period of time

cause specific mortality rate

percent of proportion of population that has died due to a specific cause during a specific period

group specific mortality rate

percent or proportion of a specific population of interest that has died over a specified period of time

genomics

study of all genes in the genome including their interactions (Nature AND Nurture)

genetics

study of single genes and their effects on health

deoxyribonucleic acid

chemical blueprint that directs all cell activities; the genetic code for synthesis RNA

genes

discrete functional units, long stretches of DNA sequences; varied order and lengths

chromosomes

packaging units for DNA, each contains thousands of genes, most cells in body somatic cells

somatic cells

any cell in body except for sperm and egg cells

diploid

46 chromosomes, 44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes

gametes

produced from germ cells, products of meiosis by specialized cells in ovary or testies

alleles

alternative form of a gene; one allele on each paired chromosomes, get one allele

homozygous

same allele inherited from each parent

dominant single gene traits

alleles that always produce their trait if present on either chromosome

recessive single gene trait

alleles that only produce trait if present on both chromosomes

co-dominant

alleles that both produce trait

heredity disorders

caused by inheriting defective gene or genes that produce a defective protein or no protein at all

autosomal dominant

only need one affected parent

autosomal recessive

need two carrier as parent be affective

sex-linked disorder

x-linked disease more common

abnormal chromosome diseases

not inherited from a carrier parent, due to loss of a chromosome of presence of an extra chromosome

kenotype

the number and visual appearance of the chromosome in the cell nuclei of an organism

congenital disorders

present at birth or shortly after

what is cancer

not a single entity, includes different diseases

burden of cancer

wide geographic variation in cancer incidence and mortality

carcinogenesis

process of how cells go from normal to cancerous

initiation

result of permanent genetic change to cell due to carcinogen

promotion

expansion of initiated cell by hyper proliferation in response to carcinogen

altered apoptosis, tissue remodeling, and/or increased inflammation

progression

stepwise transformation to maligancy; increased growth rate invasiveness, metastasis and alteration in morphology

proto-oncogenes

tell cells when to divide

tumor suppressor genes

tell cells when not to divide

DNA repair genes

might be able to fix mutations present

apoptosis regulatory genes

control apoptosis

migrant characteristics

life-threatening, rapid growth, invade surrounding tissue, may metastasize- when cancer cells move, irregular surfaces, cells do not resemble cells of origin, do not have uniform experience

benign characteristics

not life threatening, grow slowly, remain local, will not metastasize, smooth and symmetrical surface, cells look like cells of origin, uniform appearance

prefix + carcinoma

of epithelial origin

prefix + Sarcoma

of supportive tissue

grade

how abnormal or aggressive tumor cells appear

stage

how far the cancer has spread (T: primary tumor, N: regional lymph nodes, M: distant metastasis)

polyp

projects from an epithelial surface

cancer causes…

non-modifiable factors, modifiable exposures, cancer causing infections

symptoms of cancer

pain, weight loss, fever, fatigue

signs of cancer

anemia, bleeding, cachexia

clinical testing

blood tests, radiography, CT, MRI, biopsy (often necessary)