11.1.7 Reliability and validity & 1.8 Ethics

Define Validity

The extent to which a method is accurate

Define Reliability.

The extent to which research is consistent.

Define Quantitative data. What are its advantage and disadvantage?

Definition: Quantitative data is concerned with the quantity of data and deals with numbers.

Advantage: Quantitative data is easy to analyze and compare statistically.

中文优势: 定量数据便于统计分析和比较。

Disadvantage: Quantitative data lacks depth of human emotion.

Define Qualitative data. What are its advantage and disadvantage?

Definition: Qualitative data is concerned with the quality of data and deals with descriptions or words.

Advantage: Qualitative data provides rich, detailed insights into human experiences.

中文优势: 定性数据能提供关于人类经历的丰富、详细的见解。

Disadvantage: Qualitative data is subjective and difficult to analyze statistically.

How should a researcher obtain Informed Consent (知情同意)before starting an experiment?

Outline what the study entails so participants agree to take part once they know what the experiment is about (parents must consent if under 18)

Why might a researcher use Deception(欺骗控制), and what rule must they follow regarding it?

Deception should be avoided, but can be used to prevent demand characteristics. Participants must be debriefed as soon as possible

What must happen during a Debriefing (事后说明)session at the end of a study?

Explain the true nature and purpose of the study, allow participants to ask questions, and remind them of their right to withdraw data.

How can a researcher ensure Confidentiality (保密原则)when publishing research results?

Keep data anonymous by not revealing identities, using participant initials, or assigning code numbers instead of real names.

What must participants be informed about regarding their participation during an ongoing study?

Right to Withdraw (退出权)

Participants must know they can leave the study at any time without feeling pressured or forced to stay.

What two types of harm must researchers protect participants from?

Participants must be protected from both physical harm and psychological harm (e.g., stress or embarrassment).