Human A&P Chapter 1 (Human A&P Lecture)

Anatomy

Study of structure

Modes of assessment

Inspection, percussion, auscultation, palpation, and medical imaging

Inspection

General observation

Percussion

A method of tapping body parts with fingers, hands, or small instruments

Auscultation

Listening to internal sounds of body

Palpation

Examine by touch

Medical Imaging

Viewing inside of body without surgery

Hippocrates

“Father of medicine,” natural cause of disease

Aristotle

Diseases can have supernatural cause = “theologi",” and can have natural cause = “physiologi”

Metrodora

First woman to publish a medical text

Claudius Galen

Science = method of discovery, trust observations

Andreas Vesalius

Taught anatomy, published first atlas of anatomy

William Harvey

Studies of blood circulation

Robert Hooke

Designed compound microscope, first to see and name “cells”

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

Invented the single lens microscope, observed blood, lake water, sperm, etc.

Cell Theory

Concluded by Matthias Schleiden and Theordor Schwann. All organisms are composed of cells

Inductive Method

Use numerous similar observations to make generalized conclusions

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

Ask question based on observations and formulate a hypothesis

Experimental Design

Sample size, controls, placebo, double-blind method, peer review

Physiology

Study of function

Some subdivisions of physiology

Neurophysiology, endocrinology, pathophysiology, and cytology

Neurophysiology

Studies the function of the nervous system

Endocrinology

Deals with the endocrine system, which controls the hormones in your body

Pathophysiology

The study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes

Cytology

Concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells

Hierarchical organization of the human body

Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms

Reductionism

Large, complex systems can be understood by studying its simpler components

Holism

Have to look at the whole person. Humans are greater than the sum of their parts

Characteristics of life

Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness & movements, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution

Evolution

Genetic change from one generation to another

Adaptation

Evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats

Primate adaptation

Bipedalism, color vision, prehensible hands, opposable thumbs

Situs Solitus

Normal anatomical variation

Situs Inversus

Anatomical variation where organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed (mirrored)

Situs Perversus

Anatomical variation where an organ is found in an abnormal position

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain internal stability

Positive feedback

Amplifies the change

Negative feedback

Opposes the change. This is what maintains homeostasis

Arboreal

Inhabiting or frequenting trees

Prehensile

Able to grasp objects by encircling them with the thumb and fingers

Components of a feedback loop

A receptor, an integrating center, and an effector

Eponyms

Terms coined from the names of people

Discovered vaccinations

Edward Jenner

Discovered Germ Theory of Disease

Louis Pasteur

Discovered genetic inheritance

Gregory Mendel

Discovered antibiotics

Alexander Fleming

Discovered structure of DNA

Watson and Crick