digestive system anatomy lab quiz

which two anatomical parts is the digestive system divided into

• digestive tract

• accessory organs

which structures are included in the digestive tract

• oral cavity

• pharynx

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intestine

• large intestine

which structures are accessory organs to the digestive systems

• teeth

• tongue

• salivary glands

• liver

• gallbladder

• pancreas

what are the functions of the digestive system

• processes food

• breaks down food into small molecules for use in body

• extracts nutrients from food

• absorbs small molecules into blood to be distributed to tissues

• eliminates waste

what are meat and other dietary proteins broken down into

amino acids

what are carbohydrates broken down into

monosaccharides and disaccharides

what are lipids broken down into

glycerol and fatty acids

what are the five stages of digestion

• ingestion

• mechanical and chemical digestion

• absorption

• compaction

• defecation

what happens during Stage 1 (ingestion) of digestion

• takes place wherever food enters (oral cavity, HG tube, ostomy, IV, etc.)

• intake of food or drink

what happens during Stage 2 (mechanical and chemical digestion) of digestion

• begins in the mouth with chewing and salivary amylase

• continues with enzymes in the stomach and small intestine

what happens during Stage 3 (absorption) of digestion

• occurs in the small intestine

• bile mixes with chyme (food, enzymes, etc.) from stomach

• mixture is churned inside the small intestine

what happens during Stage 4 (compaction) of digestion

• occurs in the large intestine

• gas and H2O are removed from indigestible food residue

what happens during Stage 5 (defecation) of digestion

• occurs in rectum and anal canal

• indigestible food residue is passed out of the body through feces

what is the enteric system

• “brain in the bowel”

• almost as many neurons in the digestive system as there are in the brain

• nerves that innervate the digestive system are largely parasympathetic (CN X plays a big part)

what is our digestive system influenced by

• endocrine system

• autonomic system

• emotions

what are amino acids and monosaccharides absorbed by

venous blood capillaries in the villi of the small intestine

what are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed by

lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestine

what is the route of absorption for amino acids and glucose

• venous capillaries in the lamina propria (of the small intestine)

• small veins which converge into larger veins

• larger veins empty into the hepatic portal vein

• liver removes some of the amino acids and glucose for use and storage

• blood leaves the liver

• right side of the heart

• lungs

• left side of the heart

• systemic circulation

what is the route of absorption for fatty acids and glycerol

• lymphatic capillaries in the lamina propria (of the small intestine)

• becomes chyle when lipids are combined with lymph fluid

• flows through collecting ducts, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts

• flows into the subclavian vein

• right side of the heart

• lungs

• left side of the heart

• systemic circulation

what is chyme

stomach contents (food, enzymes, stomach acid, etc.)

what happens at the duodenum

chyme is received and mixed with bile and pancreatic juice

what are the two steps of lipid breakdown in the duodenum

• broken down by bile into fat droplets

• broken down by pancreatic lipase from fat droplets into fatty acids and glycerol

how is stomach contents (chyme) neutralized in the duodenum

acidity of HCL and pepsinogen is neutralized by the bicarbonate in pancreatic juice

what deactivates pepsin in the duodenum

pepsin is inactivated by the rise in pH

what finishes chemical digestion and what are the end products

• pancreatic enzymes

• results in amino acids, fatty acids/glycerol, and monosaccharides

which structure is shown

mucosa layer

which structure is shown

simple columnar epithelium in mucosa

which structure is shown

goblet cells in simple columnar epithelium

which structure is shown

villi (projections)

which structure is shown

lamina propria in mucosa

which structure is shown

muscularis mucosa in mucosa

which structure is shown

submucosa layer

which structure is shown

lymph nodule of submucosa

which structure is shown

submucosal gland in submucosa

which structure is shown

muscularis externa layer

which structure is shown

circular muscle in muscularis externa

which structure is shown

longitudinal muscle in muscularis externa

which structure is shown

serosa layer

which structure is shown

oral cavity

which structure is shown

body of the tongue

which structure is shown

root of the tongue

which structure is shown

esophagus

which structure is shown

stomach

which structure is shown

body of stomach

which structure is shown

cardiac region of the stomach

which structure is shown

esophagus

which structure is shown

fundus (outer protrusion/bump on stomach)

which structure is shown

greater curvature of stomach

which structure is shown

lesser curvature of stomach

which structure is shown

pyloric region of stomach

which structure is shown

pyloric sphincter

which structure is shown

rugae of stomach (folds/grooves inside stomach)

which structure is shown

small intestine

which structure is shown

mesentery layer on posterior side of small intestine

which structure is shown

duodenum

which structure is shown

jejunum

which structure is shown

ileum

which structure is shown

ileocecal valve

which structure is shown

pancreas

which structure is shown

pancreatic duct

which structure is shown

hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter

which structure is shown

major duodenal papilla (bump)

which structure is shown

plicae circularis in small intestine

which structure is shown

transverse colon

which structure is shown

ascending colon

which structure is shown

descending colon

which structure is shown

haustra in colon

which structure is shown

teniae coli

which structure is shown

cecum

which structure is shown

vermiform appendix

which structure is shown

right colic (hepatic) flexure (90 degree turn in colon)

which structure is shown

mesocolon

which structure is shown

left colic (splenic) flexure (90 degree turn in colon)

which structure is shown

sigmoid colon

which structure is shown

rectum

which structure is shown

anal canal

which structure is shown

anus

which structure is shown

central incisor tooth

which structure is shown

lateral incisor tooth

which structure is shown

canine tooth

which structure is shown

2nd and 1st premolars

which structure is shown

3rd, 2nd, and 1st molars

which structure is shown

crown of tooth

which structure is shown

neck of tooth

which structure is shown

root of tooth

which structure is shown

gingiva

which structure is shown

gingival sulcus

which structure is shown

enamel of tooth

which structure is shown

cementum of tooth

which structure is shown

periodontal ligament

which structure is shown

dentin of tooth

which structure is shown

pulp in pulp cavity

which structure is shown

root canal of tooth

which structure is shown

apical foramen of tooth

which structure is shown

sublingual gland

which structure is shown

submandibular gland

which structure is shown

parotid gland

which structure is shown

liver

which structure is shown

right lobe of liver (always bigger than left)

which structure is shown

left lobe of liver (always smaller than right)