Exam 3 Personality

How are Neurotic Needs defined in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

unproductive drives that perpetuate unhealthy lifestyles and hinder psychological growth.

What method was used in The Chicago Study to measure congruence between the real and ideal selves?

Q sort technique

How do aesthetic needs differ from cognitive needs in Maslow's theory?

Involves the desire for order and beauty, whereas cognitive needs encompass the desire for curiosity and knowledge.

What are the five basic or conative needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

What did Reiss and Havercamp (2006) discover regarding age differences in human motives?

lower motives were weaker and higher motives were stronger in older participants aged 36 and above compared to younger participants.

Which area of practical study did Carl Rogers pursue strongly before entering seminary and psychology?

a strong early interest and academic background in scientific farming and agriculture.

How does Rogers define the concept of 'The Person of Tomorrow'?

It describes a psychologically healthy individual who is adaptable, open to experience, integrated, and living fully in the moment.

What are the four primary barriers to psychological health in Person-Centered Theory?

conditions of worth, incongruence, defensiveness, and disorganization.

What role does subjective experience play in Rogers' philosophy of science?

He argued that all scientific inquiry begins and ends with subjective experience.

What four criteria must an individual meet to be considered self-actualizing according to Maslow?

They must be free from psychopathology, have progressed through the hierarchy of needs, make full use of their talents and capacities, and embrace Being-values.

What are the two basic assumptions underlying Rogers' Person-Centered Theory?

formative tendency and the actualizing tendency.

Where and when was Carl Rogers born?

Oak Park, Illinois in 1902.

What creates incongruence within an individual according to Carl Rogers?

when there is a discrepancy between an individual's self-concept and their lived experiences or ideal self.

What does the German term Gemeinschaftsgefühl refer to among characteristics of self-actualizing individuals?

a deep social interest, empathy, and sense of community toward all human beings.

With which prominent psychologist did Abraham Maslow work while earning his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin?

with Harry Harlow while pursuing his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin.

What is the Jonah Complex?

the fear of being or doing one's best, where false humility stifles personal creativity and blocks self-actualization.

What three core therapist conditions are necessary for therapeutic growth according to Rogers?

counselor congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic listening.

Which concept in Maslow's humanistic theory is illustrated by this multi-faceted jewel diagram?

B-values (Being-values), which describe ultimate values embraced by self-actualizing people.

How do maintenance needs differ from enhancement needs in Person-Centered Theory?

They satisfy basic physical survival and security needs, whereas enhancement needs drive growth, development, and self-realization.

What main outcome was observed in the therapy group during the Chicago Study?

a significant lessening of the gap between their real self and ideal self following therapy.

Which psychological model is depicted in this pyramid diagram?

Hierarchy of Needs, showing the progression from basic physiological drives up to self-actualization.

Which psychometric tool serves as a comprehensive assessment of the values and behaviors of self-actualizing individuals?

The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)

What is the main objective of psychotherapy in Maslow's theoretical framework?

to help clients satisfy their love and belongingness needs so they can become freed from external dependencies and embrace Being-values.

Where and when was Abraham Maslow born?

New York City in 1908.

According to Higgins' Self-Discrepancy Theory research, what outcomes are associated with a high discrepancy between real and ideal self-perceptions?

increased alcohol consumption, eating disorders, and poorer general mental health.