learning apprach to personality

Classical conditioning Pavlov

1. Before conditioning

   • unconditioned stimuli - food

   • Unconditioned response - salivation

2. After conditioning

• conditioned stimulus - bell

• Conditioned response - salivating

Positive and negative reinforcement

Positive - positive experience after a behaviour

Negative - negative experience after a behaviour

Personality develops or occurs through an interaction of what

An interaction between inner stimuli, external environment and the way an individual reacts to there two factors

What is personal agency

Believing one can change things to make them better for self and others

What is a proxy agency

Others helping you to change things about your life

What is a collective agency

Group of people working together to change things for the benefit of all

What determines likelihood to copy?

1. Characteristics of model

2. Attributes of the observer

3. Consequences of copying the behaviour

How do children learn from role models

• role model can provide children with experiences in which they can learn through observation

Which processes operate through psychological functions

1. Self monitoring

2. Self diagnostic

3. Self motivation

What did bandura find with self- efficacy

People high in self efficacy more likely to set more challenging goals for self

And that high self efficacy increases likelihood of achieving success

Paciellos study in self efficacy in university students and their well beings

Tested

• emotional self efficacy

• Social self efficacy

• Self-regulated learning self efficacy

4 clusters :

• 1. high self efficacious

• 2. Low self efficacious

• 3. Learning and socially self efficacious

• 4. Emotionally self efficacious

Link to wellbeing → cluster1- highest , cluster 2-lowest

3 ways of challenging self efficacy

1. Encouraged and supported to-do task

2. Vicarious experience

3. Participant modelling (shadowing)

How do you get behaviour potential

Reinforcement value x expectancy

What is is expectancy in term of LoC

Own subjective prediction of the outcome of a particular behaviour

What is reinforcement value in terms of LoC

Preferences for the different possible reinforcements that occur as a result of the behaviour

What are novel situations

Where we rely on generalised expectancies

What is external LoC and internal LoC

External → reinforcement depends on external forces

Internal → reinforcement is linked to own behaviour

Predictors in LoC in adolescence

3725 pps

Data collected at birth till ages 10and 16

Measures:

• Social background

• Intelligence

• Personality

• Behavioural problems

• Self esteem

• LoC

Found high correlation

In Furnhams study on predictors in LoC in adolescence, what were internals and externals like

Internals:

• more in control

• Higher confidence

• Better academically

Externals:

• powerless

• Dependent

• Passive patients

When studying relationship between LoC and environment behaviours , internals tend to ?

• be more likely to engage in actions like social reform

• Use info effectively

• Reduce the spread of biased information

Chang et al study, testing a model linked to LoC and the environment

473 students - self-reported questionnaireS

• scoring high on emotional stability means your more likely to have a high locus of control therefore, more likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviours

Levensons study on LoC as a multidimensional Construct

Identified 3 types of LoC

1. Internal

2. External - Powerful others

3. External - Chance

Found:

Patients experiencing paranoia score higher on Powerful others scale while patients experiencing depression score higher on Chance scale

• Alcoholism strongly correlated with C scale scores

Brosschots study on LoC and psychopathological symptoms study and method

Pps completed IPC scales and various other scales, including a range of scales measuring psychopathological symptoms

In Brosschots’ study what was found with those with an internal LoC

Internal LoC related to all other than agoraphobia and sensitivity

Links between internal LoC and positive factors such as:

• low anxiety and depression

• Low neuroticism and hostility

• Fewer sleeping problem

• Low somatisation

In Brosschots’ study what was found with those with an external (powerful others) LoC

Related only to high levels of:

• sensitivity

• Neuroticism

• Depression - teacher rated

• Trait anxiety - teacher rated

Reflects link between a form of external LoC and negative factors

In Brosschots’ study what was found with chance as an external LoC

Related to high levels of:

• Agoraphobia

• Depression

• Sensitivity

• Sleeping problems

• Neuroticism

• Trait Anxiety

Reflects a link between a form of External LoC and negative factors

What did Brosschots find when comparing External LoCs’

That both powerful others and chance related to negative factors

• found that chance related to more

This suggests that being high in Chance LoC may lead to worse outcomes