ENSC 320 Wildlife Issues Midterm

wildlife

non-human and undomesticated

associated with natural habitats

domesticated animals

genetically altered in appearance and behaviour

wildlife issues

can be the solution

points of debate between two parties of interest

biodiversity

the diversity of organisms at genetic, species, ecosystem levels

variety of life processes

region or landscape

large area of a system of interdependent ecosystems

ecosystem

groups of biotic and abiotic interactions

community

all plants and animals inhibiting an area with interactions

population

group of species living within the same place at the same time

genes

unit of heredity

segment of DNA for heritable trait

species

organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

taxonomy

branch of naming and classofuing diversity of life

hotspots

locations that support a vast uneven amount of species richness

located at equator in coastal regions

high biodiversity

extinction

natural phenomenon

now influenced heavily by humans

components of systems

biota

habitat

human users

what is the great acceleration

increasing trends in human use of systems and resulting pushing and increasing system’s boundaries

values

general basis of an estimation of worth

ethics

systematic organization of values that organize our conduct and behaviour

two main components of values systems

intrinsic and instrumental

instrinsic value

non-use related

moral or existence (knowing it exists)

non human centered

instrumental values

human centered around having a purpose or usefulness

use and nonuse (without actually using)

non-use forms

option (expected for furture use)

quasi option (preserving options given expectation of future use)

bequest (value for preserving for future generations)

use values forms

direct (there is a consumer, can be consumptive or not (zoo))

indirect (often related to ecosystem processes (pollinators))

consumptive and nonconsumptive value

dead or alive its removed from habitat

valued placed on animal in its natural habitat (education, recreation)

economic valuation

monetary framwork to weigh values against each other

consumptive easier to understand through this framework than nonconsumptive

what are the different typologies of wildlife

utilitarian

naturalistic

ecological/scientific

moralistic

humanistic

symbolistic

dominionistic

negativistic

aesthetic

what are the eras in order

pre-european era

era of abundance

overexploitation

protection

game management

environmental management

conservation biology

pre-european era

accepted that bering land bridge was available for people to cross

not just one movement of people

indigenous perspectives on wildlife

turtle island is NA

fish and wildlife for important dietary component

wildlife as relatives

late pleistocene extinctions

extinction of megafauna

idea that ecologies changed a lot during this time

extinctions shortly after peopling of continent

era of abundance

notion of limitless nature

fewer people with less overall impact

fur trade, hunting and trapping way of life

moved on to next place

the great auk

flightless bird

killed to extinction

easy to hunt

era of overexploitation

rapid depletion of wildlife populations

american bison

once in 30 million hunted to 200

killed for sport, to hurt indigenous populations, expansion

passenger pigeon

hunted to extinction

once most abundant bird in world

fisheries (why collapse generally) + resulting changes

tech advancements, easier to fish, store, transport

depletion of natural stocks and introduction of new non-natives

events happening during over exploitation

yellowstone and banff national park

thoreau questioning ideas

Muir establishment of Sierra club

era of protection

regulation and presrevation

pinchot (forestry services, planned use and renewal)

much idea of use and vilficaiton of predators

era of game management

resource management for wildlife

MSY

leopold writes book on

era of environmental management

growing public concern for wildlife

changing policies, expanding parks services

increased understanding of ecosystems

carson’s silent spring

greenpeace whaling movement

era of conservation biology

now occuring

protection of biodiversity

MSY

concern for conservation and extinctions

ecology in management

neoenvironmentalism

promoting economy helps environment

tech and innovation helps environment

conservation

ethic of use and long term protection

efficient use and decreased consumption of resources

preservation

maintain nature in natural state untouched

absence of consumption

wildlife management

application of ecology to wildlife to balance needed of people and wildlife

human remedy deficiency in system with science

how can we acheive wildlife management (what do we do)

manipulate populations, habitat and manage human use

conservation biology and what does it do (3)

scientific field

documents biodiversity

investigates human impacts

develops practical solutions

normative concepts

statements about the way things ought to be

institutionalized in policy, regulations, legistlation

bio/ecological integrity

native species and populations in their native environment

natural structure etc

ecological restoration

process of returning biotic community to ecological integrity

human intervention

ecosystem health

ability of ecosystem to perform its usual functions

occur as do naturally

ecological services (3 categories)

vital and economically valuable functions of healthy systems

provisioning, regulating, cultural services

adaptive resource management

structured process of decision making that changes over time

steps in adaptive resource management

assessment

decision

implementation

monitoring

ecosystem management

management on entire ecosystems rather than individual components

systems approach

sustainable development

meeting current needs without compromising future generations ability

evil quartet and three more

overexploitation, habitat loss, chains of extinction, invasive species

pollution, disease, climate change

overexploitation

harvesting to unsustainable amount

exceeding ability of population to replace itself

emergent properties of populations

abundance and density

boundaries

composition

distribution

change over time

natality

number of young born in specific amount of time

recruitment

number of young born in any given year that survive to reproductive age

mortality

death as percent of population

what do we use for BIDE equations rather than exact values

rates

what does r and N stand for

rate of growth

population size

dN/dT = rN

rate of increase is population change over change in time

exponential growth

dN/dt = rN((K - N)/K)

logistical growth

k is carrying capacity

what happens when N is far from K

almost r growth

what happens when N approaches K

slowing growth

what are two varieties/categories of limits on population growth

density independent or depdendent

density dependent

variables thats effect changes in relation to how dense the population is (disease, predation)

dendity independent

variables that have no different effect no matter the density of the population

deterministic factors

constant and predictable factors

like predation or harvest rate

stochastic factors

unpredictable events

types of stochastic factors

demographic

catastrophic

environmental

genetic

example of heath hen

factors of K selection

density dependent

long investment

larger animals, few offspring

factors of r selection

small offspring

smaller animals

low investment

density independent regulation

tragedy of the common

common property resource entire populace using without restriction

individuals acting for own self interest can harm for others

example of sheep and shepherds

MSY

acheive max harvest from population over series of years

max biomass harvest without having future effects

rooted in population growth

allowing rebound

MSY problems

must be accurate with numbers

doesn’t consider selection or harvesting bias/quality

ecosystem consequences

optimum sustained yield

MSY with considering factors for optimum harvest

for example only catching fish over certain age

OSY issues

must be accurate

must maintain ecoystem resiliency

stochastic events not well considered

atlantic cod

proliferation of tech —> peak in stock —> 200 mile limit —> moratorium

hutchings consdierations

bycatch *

environmental change

heavy predation

stocks moving south

wildlife habitat

resources and conditions present in an area taht result in occupancy by a species

use (habitat)

way an animal uses its physical and biological resources in a habitat

selection

series of behavioural decisions made by animal about what habitat it uses relative to others

availability

accessibility and procurablity of components

quality

ability of environment to provide appropriate conditions

habitat loss

process of habitat being rendered ineffective in supporting community of species

caused from agriculture, forest cleraning, mining, urbanization

most responsible for loss of biodiversity

species and area relationship

species abundance and diversity are area dependent

higher to area the more abundanct

habitat fragmentation

large expanse of habitat turned into smaller isolateed patches

sequence of events habitat fragmentation

broken into smaller patches

patches decrease in size

distance between patches grows

quality of patches decreases

edge effects become more detrimental

edge effects

conditions near habitat infuelnces by matric

microclimate change

effects of fragmentation

area of habitat decreases, area of remaining habitat patches decrease, number of patches increase, connectedness decreases

island biogeography theory

based on immigration and extinction

less connected harder to immigate

extinction as function of size to maintain viable population

bushmeat crisis

loss of wildlife from excess hunting