CPUSH units 1 -2

Bill of Rights

the protections for personal liberty that limit the power of the government over individuals

Articles of Confederation

the first plan for a national government in the United States; it created a confederation of 13 states

• failed (too weak) + lots of cons

Checks & Balances

a set of counteracting influences that regulate a political system so that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single group.

ratify

to officially approve the adoption of a document

federalism

a system of government that divides power between national and state governments

sectionalism

devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole

popular sovereignty

government follows will of the people; up to the states to decide the question of slavery

Constitutional Convention

A meeting where delegates from each colony (state) replaced and revised the Articles of Confederation with the US Constitution

federalists

• supported a strong central government

• supported US constitution

• popular in North

anti-federalists

• wanted a weak central government

• opposed Constitution & wanted Bill of Rights added

• popular in South

Great Compromise

Bimercal legislation

• senate = equal representation from each state (2)

• house = based off state population

Declaration of Independence

The ________ was a document adopted by the 13 American colonies on July 4, 1776, declaring that they were independent from Great Britain.

• written by Thomas Jefferson

Missouri Compromise

compromise that resolved the issue of if the newly admitted Missouri state would be free or slave

It resulted in…

Missouri → slave state

Maine → free state

Slavery was banned north of the 36°30′ latitude in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase, except Missouri.

gilded age

Period of rapid economic growth and industrialization in the late 1800s, but also marked by wealth inequality, corruption, and poor working conditions.

immigration (gilded)

Millions of people came to the U.S. for jobs and opportunities during the Gilded Age.

urbanization

Cities grew rapidly as people moved to cities for factory jobs.

industrialization

Factories and mass production expanded, especially in steel, oil, and railroads.

innovation

New inventions and technologies improved transportation, communication, and industry

Bessemer process

uses heat to burn off carbon impurities it makes steel production cheaper & efficient

• mass production of steel → Andrew Carnegie

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

the deadliest workplace disaster in NYC history until 9/11

reconstruction era

the period after the American Civil War where the US was attempting to remake itself through a series of provisions, programs, and amendments, that were, ostensibly, meant to ensure that Black people had civil rights

Reconstruction Amendments

incorporated 13th, 14th, & 15th → to establish Black American’s legal protection

13th amendment

formally abolished slavery across the whole US (not to be confused with Emancipation Proclamation)

Emancipation Proclamation

A wartime executive order freeing the slaves from only Confederate states

14th amendment

established birthright citizenship, helping Black Americans by giving them constitutional citizenship & legal protections after slavery

15th amendment

Gave only Black men the right to vote, ignoring women

Freedman Bureau

a U.S. government agency created in 1865, during Reconstruction, to help formerly enslaved Black Americans transition from slavery to freedom

3/5 Compromise

Counted enslaved people as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation

Compromise of 1850

California became free; stronger Fugitive Slave Act; popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico; slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.

Compromise of 1877

Resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election; federal troops were withdrawn from the South

Monopoly

A business or company that has complete or near-complete control of a market, allowing it to limit competition and influence prices.

Trust

A group of companies placed under the control of a single group of trustees, often used by businesses to reduce competition and create a monopoly

Patronage

The practice of giving government jobs or favors to political supporters in exchange for their loyalty or votes

Tenements

Crowded, poorly maintained apartment buildings where many working-class and immigrant families lived in cities during the Industrial Era.

Robber Barons

A term used by critics for powerful, wealthy industrialists who became rich through aggressive or sometimes unethical business practices.

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers that join together to demand better wages, safer working conditions, shorter hours, and other workplace improvements.

Nativism

Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants and opposing increased immigration.

Political machines

Powerful political organizations that controlled local government by exchanging jobs, services, or favors for votes and political support.

Push/Pull Factors

Reasons that cause people to leave one place (push) and reasons that attract them to another place (pull).

Capitalism

An economic system in which individuals and private businesses own property and businesses and compete to make profits.

muckrakers

investigative writers who focused too much on the ugliest side of things

settlement house

community center that provided social services to urban poor

direct primary

election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections

temperance movement

movement promoting practice of never drinking alcohol

suffrage

the right to vote

19th amendment

gave white women the right to vote

americanization

assimilating immigrants to American culture such as replacing food and customs

Meat Inspection Act

allowed federal government to inspect meat sold across state lines and required inspection of meat-processing parts

vertical integration

up& down; acquiring all parts of production to reduce costs

horizontal integration

purchasing all the companies in same industry

Cornelius Vanderbilt

railroad tycoon

John d Rockefeller

standard oil know for horizontal integration

Andrew Carnegie

known for steel and philanthropic efforts

JP Morgan

prominent in banking and finance industry

Homestead Strike

Labor Union protest turned violent (steel)

Chinese exclusion act

restrict immigration law based only on nationality

nativism

prioritize Americans (anti immigrants)

Patronage (spoils system)

act of a politician giving jobs based on political party

Pendleton Service Act

jobs based on merit/established through civil service exam