Micro Bio Exam 3

Anabolism

Building larger complex molecules from smaller molecules while using ATP

Catabolism

Breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules creating ATP

Redox Reactions

Reaction involving transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor

Oxidation

Removal of electrons from a molecule

Reduction

Gain of electrons by a molecule

On the redox tower, donors are _____ and located at the _______

Negative, top

On the redox tower, acceptors are _____ and located at the _______

Positive, bottom

Molecules are written as ___ / ____ on the redox tower

Oxidized/reduced

For CO2/Glucose (-0.43) and Pyruvate/lactate (-0.19), what is the correct redox equation that will result from the pairing

Glucose + Pyruvate → CO2 + Lactate

Aerobic Respiration Outputs

2 ATP from Glycolysis, 2 ATP from TCA cycle, 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 from oxidation of glucose

Where is the electron transport chain in bacteria

It happens across the plasma membrane

Anaerobic Respiration

Generation of ATP in the absence of oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration is more similar to

Aerobic Respiration

2 requirements for anaerobic Respiration

1. Lack of oxygen

2. Exogenous electron acceptor

Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient/produces less ATP

Oxygen is the best electron acceptor (located lowest on tower) so any other electron acceptors will not allow for as much proton pumping with the electron transport chain.

The normal flora in the human gut uses which glucose metabolism pathway

Fermentation

Fermentation

Metabolism without exogenous electron acceptors - instead uses an endogenous electron acceptor to regenerate NAD+

Fermentation produces a net gain of _____ ATP

2

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Direct transfer of a phosphate to an ADP or GDP without intermediate or transport chain. Fermentation is only this

Why does chemolithotrophy produce less energy than chemoorganotrophy using glucose

Inorganic molecules have a higher reduction potential than glucose

Abiotic Processes

The nonliving and physical and chemical mechanisms that contribute to biochemical cycling such as erosion, or beach waves.

Biotic Processes/Nutrient Cycling

Interactions and transformations carried out by living organisms that contribute to biogeochemical cycling.

Describes how essential chemical elements and matter continuously move and transform between living organisms and non-living reservoirs

What is the most reduced form of carbon and what is it’s oxidation state

Methane (-4)

What is the most oxidized form of carbon and what is it’s oxidation state

Carbon dioxide or Bicarbonate Ion (+4)

Resivour

Largest storage sight for a specific element

What are the 3 main carbon resivours

1. Ground

2. Ocean

3. Air

Methanotrophy

Oxidation of CH4 (Methane) to CO2

Methanogenesis

Reduction of CO2 or Organic Matter to Methane (CH4)

Acetogenesis and Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Reduction of CO2 to Organic Matter (Anaerobically)

Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation

Oxidation of Organic Matter into CO2 (Anaerobically)

Respiration

Oxidation of organic matter into CO2 (aerobically)

Chemolithotrophy/Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Reduction of CO2 into Organic Matter Aerobically

What is the most oxidized form of Nitrogen and its Oxidation state

Nitric Acid (HNO3) or Nitrate Ion (NO3-) (+5)

What is the most reduced form of Nitrogen and it’s oxidation state

Ammonia (NH3) /Ammonium Ion (NH4+) (-3)

Nitrification

NH4+ is oxidized to NO3- in a two-step process

Anammox

NH4+ is reduced to N2 with NO2- as a terminal electron acceptor. Uses both Oxidized nitrogen and Reduced Nitrogen to regenerate Atmospheric N2

Assimilation

Reduction of NH3 to Organic Nitrogen

Nitrogen Fixation

Reduction of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia which can get assimilated into Amino Acids

Comammox

Oxidation of NH4+ to NO3-

Assimilation Nitrate Reduction

NO3- is reduced to NH3 and taken up by organisms

Dissimilarity Nitrate Reduction

NO3- is used as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration created N2O and N2

Denitrification

Reduction of NO3- all the way to N2 because it is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

The amount of dissolved oxygen that microorganisms need to break down organic materials in water

What are the only 2 things that can convert Nitrogen gas to Ammonia because of the large energy requirement

Microbes and Lightning

Marine Dead Zones

Nitrates from fertilizer feed algae which grow and die when nitrates run out. Bacteria feed on the dead algae using aerobic respiration which depletes the oxygen in the area that Fish and other marine life need to survive

Symbiosis

Stable association of two or more organisms (host and symbiont)

Symbiont

The typically smaller of the two organisms in a symbiotic relationship

Facultative Symbiosis

Alternative lifestyle possible, can survive without relationship, but survive better with

Obligatory Symbiosis

Host is absolutely required for the symbionts survival

Mutualism

Both partners benefit from each other

Cooperation

Nonobligatory mutualistic relationship

Antagonism

One organism negatively impacts the other

Syntrophy

One species produces a product that is consumed by the second species. If the second species did not consume it, it would result in an unfavorable delta G

Primary Producers

Capture energy from a light or inorganic chemicals

Autotrophs

Sole carbon source is CO2

Phototroph

Uses light energy to generate chemical energy in photosynthetic processes.

Lithotroph

Oxidizes inorganic chemical compounds as a source of electrons/energy

Predation

Symbiont benefits after killing the victim

Parasitism

The organisms coexist and the Symbiont benefits while the victim is alive

Competition

Arises when different organisms within a community to try to acquire the same resources.

Epibiotic Predators

Attach to prey’s surface and lyse to release prey’s cytoplasmic contents

Endobiotic Predators

invade victim’s cytoplasm where they consume contents to get energy

Contact-independent growth inhibition

Competition via antibiotics, toxin can be delivered over farther distances

Contact-dependent growth inhibition

Competition Physical proximity is required for toxin delivery

Genomic Reduction

Process where symbiont discards DNA that is does not use because of the established relationship

What is always different when comparing chemolithotrophs with chemoorganotrophs

Electron Donor

Commensal Microbes benefit the human host by

Make vitamins and digesting food, prevent colonization by pathogens, and promote host tissue development

Microbes that colonize the skin need to be resistant to ______ salt and ____pH

High/low

Skins Environment

Slightly acidic, high salt concentrations, can be dry or oily

Microbe that is an essential component of healthy skin

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staph. Epidermidis functions

Keeps skin cells healthy and growing by stimulating keratin production and directly kills pathogens

Bacterial Interference

Growth of one bacteria inhibits the growth of pathogens

Bacteria will ferment monomers into

Short chain fatty acids

Acetate

Short chain fatty acid that if produced by microbes can increase risk for obesity

Propionate

Short chain fatty acid that if produced by microbes can increase risk for obesity

Butyrate

Short chain fatty acid that if produced by microbes. Healthier and lower risk for obesity

Germ free Mice

Mice born by C-section and raised in sterilty

Microbes have a direct pathway from gut to brain via the

Vagus nerve

Microbe infection can lead to inflammation which spikes

Cortisol