Lesson 6 (Part 2) - Culture, Cognition, and Intellect: Thinking Through Cultures

Charles Spearman

Which theorist proposed that intelligence is driven by a single overall general ability known as the "g" factor, which represents a underlying cognitive energy across all mental tasks?

Louis Thurstone

Which theorist viewed intelligence not as a single factor, but as a person's unique "pattern" of distinct mental abilities working together?

Raymond Cattell

Which theorist categorized cognitive capabilities into specific clusters of intelligence, distinguishing broad domains such as fluid and crystallized abilities?

Robert Sternberg

Which theorist developed the Triarchic theory, which breaks down intelligence into three distinct sub-components: analytical, creative, and practical abilities?

Howard Gardner

Which theorist formulated the theory of Multiple intelligences, asserting that human intelligence spans various autonomous modalities such as linguistic, spatial, and musical abilities?

Daniel Goleman

Which theorist popularized the concept of Emotional Intelligence, emphasizing the ability to perceive, process, understand, and regulate emotions effectively?

Charles Spearman

He believed that intelligence is general or global, and people who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well.

Two-Factor Theory

Which theory proposed by Charles Spearman (1904) posits that intelligence consists of a general factor alongside specific mental abilities?

General Intelligence

In Spearman's Two-Factor Theory, what represents the 1st factor ("g"), which encompasses broad problem solving capabilities across tasks?

Specific Mental Abilities

In Spearman's Two-Factor Theory, what represents the 2nd factor ("s"), which covers specialized competencies such as verbal or math skills?

Seven

According to Louis Thurstone, intelligence consists of how many distinct, independent abilities?

General Factor

Which of the following is NOT one of Louis Thurstone's seven distinct, independent abilities?

• Spatial Ability

• Perceptual Speed

• Numerical Ability

• Verbal Meaning

• General Factor

Emotional Intelligence

Which of the following is NOT one of Louis Thurstone's seven distinct, independent abilities?

• Emotional Intelligence

• Memory

• Word Fluency

• Reasoning

Crystallized Intelligence

Raymond Cattell identified two clusters of mental abilities. _________ includes abilities such as reasoning and verbal skills.

Fluid Intelligence

Raymond Cattell identified two clusters of mental abilities. _________ includes skills such as spatial and visual imagery, rote memory, and the ability to notice visual details.

True

While education can increase crystallized intelligence, it was not thought to have any effect on fluid intelligence.

True or False

Analytical Intelligence

Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic theory of intelligence that posits three types of intelligence. __________ includes the ability to learn how to do things, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge.

Creative Intelligence

Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic theory of intelligence that posits three types of intelligence. __________ includes the ability to adjust to new tasks, use new concepts, and respond well in new situations.

Practical Intelligence

Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic theory of intelligence that posits three types of intelligence. __________ includes the ability to select contexts in which you can excel and solve practical problems.

A Fixed Environmental Constraint

According to Howard Gardner, each intelligence in his theory has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

• A Unique Biological Basis

• A Distinct Course Of Development

• A Fixed Environmental Constraint

• Different Expert Performances

Learning Opportunities

Aside from Cultural Values, what is the other environmental factor that plays a key role in influencing which of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences are developed and emphasized?

True

The major critique or limitation regarding Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences is that it is not yet firmly grounded in research.

True or False

False

Aligning with criticisms, Howard Gardner's theory has yet to be proven effective, especially in understanding and nurturing children’s special talents.

True or False

Emotional Intelligence

Daniel Goleman proposed the theory of _________.

Suppressing Emotional Expression

According to Daniel Goleman, which of the following is NOT one of the five components of Emotional Intelligence?

• Knowing One's Own Emotions

• Managing One's Own Emotions

• Using Emotions To Motivate Oneself

• Suppressing Emotional Expression

• Recognizing The Emotions Of Other People

• Managing Relationships

Climbers

In the Adversity Quotient (AQ) framework, which category of individuals has an AQ score range of 166-200 and strives toward Self-Actualization at the top of Maslow's hierarchy?

Campers

Which category of individuals in the Adversity Quotient (AQ) framework corresponds to an AQ score range of 95-134?

Quitters

Which category of individuals in the Adversity Quotient (AQ) framework corresponds to an AQ score range of 0-59 and is associated with Learned Helplessness?

Defend

According to the LEAD model for Empowerment in Adversity Quotient, which of the following is NOT one of the steps represented by the acronym LEAD?

• Listen

• Establish Accountability

• Analyse

• Defend

• Do It!

Psychometrics

What field or discipline focuses on measuring psychological abilities through standardized testing methods?

Culturally Neutral

In intelligence testing research, performance differences across cultural groups were found to be no greater on "culturally loaded" items than on what type of test items?

Culturally Loaded

Test items designed to be independent of specific cultural knowledge are referred to as "culturally neutral" items, whereas test items embedded with specific cultural context and references are known as ______?

Fluid Intelligence

Which form of intelligence refers to forms of 'mental agility' that allow us to reason effectively irrespective of acquired knowledge?

Crystallized Intelligence

Which form of intelligence is defined as the application of knowledge and experience in intellectual activity?

Culture-Fair Tests

What term describes assessments designed to measure cognitive ability without relying on background cultural knowledge?

Ethnocentrism

Non-verbal paper-and-pencil assessments that measure relationships between figures and shapes are intended to rectify what issue in traditional intelligence testing?

Intelligence

The alternative to devising culture-fair tests is to investigate how _________ manifests itself differently in different cultural settings.

False

Intelligence may always be universally agreed across all cultures

True or False

Relativist Approach

Global Psychologists investigating indigenous intelligence take a _________, focusing on how knowledge and expertise are defined within diverse meaning systems.

True

Sternberg (2002) agrees that there is more to intelligence than whatever it is IQ tests measure.

True or False

Cultural And Everyday Aspects

Which major dimensions of cognitive functioning were largely absent from early psychometric models of intelligence?

Crystallized Intelligence

According to Cattell (1971), which specific form of intelligence develops and expands primarily through the accumulation of cultural experience over time?

Maximizing General Factor Scores On Standardized Metrics

According to Robert Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence, which of the following is NOT one of the four key elements that enable success?

• Maximizing General Factor Scores On Standardized Metrics

• Succeeding In Terms Of Personal Standards Within Our Cultural Context

• Capitalising On Strengths And Compensating For Weaknesses

• Achieving A Balance Of Analytical, Creative, And Practical Abilities

• Adapting To, Shaping, And Selecting Environments

Comparison Of Intelligence Levels

When intelligence is defined differently across cultures under a relativist framework, what type of comparison between cultural groups is no longer viable?

Limited Sources Of External Validity

What major psychometric limitation arises when intelligence is seen as specific to a culture or as an adaptive response to environmental circumstances?

Complete Inability To Develop Standardized Scoring Procedures

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary limitations associated with the relativist approach to intelligence?

• Comparison Of Intelligence Levels Between Cultural Groups Is No Longer Viable

• Complete Inability To Develop Standardized Scoring Procedures

• Limited Sources Of External Or Predictive Validity

• Shift In Research Focus Toward How Intelligence Is Defined Localized

Cognitive Style

It refers to how we approach and undertake problem-solving

Cognitive Style

This view stems from the idea that while underlying cognitive abilities exist worldwide, different cultural and ecological demands yield different patterns of cognitive performance.

Cross-Cultural Variations

One example of ________ in cognitive style has been investigated by Peng and Nisbett (1999) who identify dialectical and non-dialectical thought as distinct cognitive strategies for making sense of the world.

Cognitive Style

What psychological process involves culturally distinct strategies for addressing contradictions, although critics argue that the art of compromise develops primarily with age regardless of cultural background?

Character Of Our Environment

What environmental factor or ecological influence has a strong bearing on how individuals perceive visual stimuli, such as visual illusions and art?

Educational Achievement

Intelligent behavior manifests as effective expertise across localized settings, where success in specialized everyday tasks is not necessarily predictive of what outcome?

Specialized local expertise directly predicts high performance in formal educational achievement.

Regarding the influence of culture on thinking and cognitive styles, which of the following statements is FALSE?

• Strategies for solving problems and disputes vary from culture to culture.

• Environmental and ecological character influences perception of visual stimuli.

• Living in different societies encourages differential responses to perceptual tasks.

• Specialized local expertise directly predicts high performance in formal educational achievement.