lang disorders exam #2

Developmental language disorder (DLD)

a child who has significant language impairment without associated hearing loss, cognitive deficit, neurological or motor impairment

7.5%

how many children have DLD?

3.5 children out of every 1000 children

how many children have HL?

conductive HL

something impeding conduction of sound; issue with outer or inner ear

sensorineural HL

issue with inner ear; neural capacity

mixed HL

both conductive and sensorineural

reduced to access to speech sounds - delayed or atypical phonological development

how will hearing loss affect phonology?

limited to incidental learning - “overhearing” not available

how will hearing loss affect semantics?

delays or differences in word order, omission of function words, morphological markers

how will hearing loss affect syntax?

access to conversation cues may be reduced

how will hearing loss affect pragmatics?

hearing age

refers to the amount of time that a child has had exposure to sound

tolerating conversational silence, reflecting feeling, asking open vs closed questions

3 important skills making “counseling” very different from a regular conversation

shock, denial, anger & guilt, despair & depression, acceptance

the grief process

MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory

includes a questionnaire format and asks parents to identify various words that their child either says or signs

The Cottage Acquisition Scales for Listening, Language, and Speech (CASLLS)

designated for children with HL and describes the child’s abilities along a continuum of languages milestones

Ling Test

evaluates a child’s ability to detect and discriminate sounds across the speech spectrum

Learning to Listen (LTL)

parents are instructed to play with their child using toys paired with the LTL sounds - LTL sounds associated with an object or specific actions

Acoustic highlighting

strategies to improve audibility of spoken communication

hand cue

a technique used to encourage a child to attend to spoken language - the hand is placed near or in front of the mouth to alert new listeners

sound sandwich

a way of emphasizing an auditory cue while providing a visual cue when necessary

sabotage

a deliberate mistake is made by the adult to provide a child with the opportunity to recognize and try to repair the mistake

intellectual disability (ID)

a neurodevelopmental condition featuring significant limits in both cognitive capactiy and everyday adaptive skills that start during childhood

etiology

the study of causation

genetic disorder

disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence

monogenic disorder

a mutation in one gene

multifactorial inheritance disorder

mutations in multiple genes

chromosomal abnormality

affects an entire chromosome and many/all of the genes that make it up caused by an excess or deficiency of the genes that are location on chromosomes or by structural changes within chromosomes

syndrome

a combination of symptoms resulting from a single cause or so commonly occuring together

chronic fatigue syndrome

persistent debilitating fatique of recent onset, with greatly reduced physical activity and some combination of muscle weakness, sore throat, mild fever, tender lymph nodes, headaches, and depression

sequence

the succession, or following, of one thing, process, or event after another

amniotic band sequence

early rupture of the amnion with formation of strands of amnion that may adhere to or compress parts of the fetus, resulting in a wide variety of deformities

prenatal risk factors - biomedical

maternal physical and mental health conditions, nutritional deficiencies, maternal alcohol/drug intake

prenatal risk factors - social

poverty, maternal malnutrition, domestic violence, lack of access to prenatal care

prenatal risk factors - behavioral

parental drug/alcohol abuse, parental smoking, parental immaturity

prenatal risk factors - educational

parental cognitive disability without support, lack of parenthood preparation

paranatal risk factors - biomedical

prematurity, birth injury, neonatal disorders

paranatal risk factors - social

lack of access to birth care

paranatal risk factors - behavioral

parental rejection of caregiving and parental abandonment of child

paranatal risk factors - educational

lack of medical referral or intervention services at discharge

postnatal risk factors - biomedical

TBI, malnutrition, seizure disorders, meningeal and cephalitis

postnatal risk factors - social

impaired caregiver, lack of adequate stimulation, poverty, chronic illness, family institutionalization 

postnatal risk factors - behavioral

trauma abuse/neglect, domestic violence, inadequate safety measures, social deprivation, difficult child behaviors

postnatal risk factors - educational

impaired hearing, delayed diagnosed, inadequate special ED, inadequate early intervention, inadequate family support

down syndrome

occurs when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21

1 in every 691

how many babies in the united states are born with down syndrome?

majority of IQ scores reported to be between 30 and 60

what is the leading cause of cognitive deficits of down syndrome?

fragile X syndrome (FXS)

genetic condition that causes intellectual disability, behavioral and learning challenges and various physical characteristics

williams syndrome

caused by the deletion of genetic material from a specific region of chromosome 7 which includes 26 to 28 genes

attention

ability to orient and react to a specific stimulus

discrimination

the ability to attend to identify and attend to specific stimuli in a field of similar stimuli

organization

ability to systematize incoming information to speed processing and facilitate

transfer

ability to apply learned information to novel problems or situations

memory

ability to retain information to carry out everyday tasks

three-pronged approach for intervention for individuals with ID

typical language development patterns, lifespan needs, modifications in response to strengths and weaknesses

morphology

the structure of words and the construction of word forms

syntax

the order and combination of words to form sentences

phonology

rules the govern the sound combinations

semantics

the system that governs the meanings of words and sentences

pragmatics

the system that combines the above language components in functional and socially appropriate communication