Diversity Exam 2: Race, Gender, Law & Immigration

What are the four distinct dimensions related to sex and gender?

Sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation.

What does the term 'gender binary' refer to?

A social classification that treats male/female and masculine/feminine as two exclusive, exhaustive categories.

What is biological determinism?

Treating social roles or complex behaviors as inevitable products of biology.

Define social construction.

The process by which people and institutions create categories, attach meanings to them, and enforce their consequences.

How is race defined in this context?

A historically changing system that gives social significance to selected physical traits and ancestry.

What does ethnicity refer to?

Identification associated with shared histories, cultural practices, language, ancestry, or community.

Differentiate between nationality and citizenship.

Nationality concerns national membership or belonging; citizenship is a legal status carrying rights and obligations.

What is racialization?

Assigning racial meanings to a person, group, practice, or social relationship.

Explain the Black-White paradigm.

A framework that treats the Black/White relationship as the central model of U.S. racial inequality.

What is intersectionality?

The interaction of social positions and systems such as race, gender, class, sexuality, and immigration status.

What is the main argument of Susan Pharr's article 'Homophobia as a Weapon of Sexism'?

Homophobia enforces sexism by making departures from heterosexuality and prescribed gender roles costly.

What are the three weapons of sexism identified in the study guide?

Economics, violence, and homophobia.

Define homophobia.

Hostility, fear, or prejudice toward homosexuality or people perceived as gay.

What does heterosexism mean?

Privileging heterosexuality as normal, superior, or the default through assumptions and institutions.

What significant event is associated with the Stonewall Inn?

The resistance to a police raid on June 28, 1969, which became a catalyst for modern LGBTQ liberation.

What does 'classification anxiety' refer to in policing?

Officers may respond with hostility when queer, transgender, or gender-nonconforming people disrupt fixed categories.

What is the significance of the 2008 reporting on LGBT violence?

Law enforcement was the third-largest category of perpetrators of LGBT violence during that reporting period.

What does the main narrative of Tommi Avicolli's 'He Defies You Still: The Memoirs of a Sissy' illustrate?

A boy's experiences in a Catholic school that reinforce shame and isolation around gender nonconformity and homosexuality.

What role does violence play in enforcing sexism?

Violence includes verbal degradation and physical coercion, supporting male dominance and control over women.

How does the article by Mogul, Ritchie, and Whitlock connect policing to LGBTQ experiences?

It places policing at the center of LGBTQ encounters with the criminal legal system.

What is the impact of economic dependence on women?

It limits options and reinforces the system of sexism.

What is the significance of the term 'gender policing'?

It refers to the enforcement of gender norms that can lead to harassment and violence against those who do not conform.

What does the term 'sexual orientation' encompass?

Patterns of attraction that can include heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.

What is the relationship between sexual liberation and broader liberation struggles as discussed in the guide?

The Gay Liberation Front connected sexual liberation with women's liberation and Black liberation.

What does the term 'gender expression' refer to?

How gender is presented through behavior, clothing, and personal appearance.

What is the significance of the highlighted Janus articles in the study guide?

They provide key insights and arguments relevant to the topics covered in the exam.

What does the term 'sexuality' encompass in this context?

It refers to the capacity for sexual feelings, including how individuals express and experience their sexual orientation.

What is the purpose of the study guide's scope and limits section?

To clarify what content is covered and what is not, ensuring students understand the boundaries of their study materials.

What does the main narrative in Avicolli's account highlight about gender nonconformity?

It shows how peers, teachers, family, and religion reinforce shame and isolation around gender nonconformity and homosexuality.

What does the term 'sissy' refer to in Avicolli's account?

It describes a cluster of supposedly feminine behaviors, such as gentle interaction and preferring dolls or jump rope.

What is the broader term used against anyone violating group expectations in Avicolli's account?

The anti-gay slur '******'.

How does the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah relate to the narrative?

The boy is taught that it condemns homosexuality, though alternative readings emphasize violence and failures of hospitality.

What is the impact of queer historical erasure on the boy in Avicolli's narrative?

It deprives him of affirming histories and models of belonging by not learning about figures like Michelangelo and Oscar Wilde.

What transformation occurs at the end of Avicolli's narrative?

Marching with a large queer community transforms isolation into visibility and collective pride.

What is Richard Kim's main argument regarding bullying and queer children?

Merely opposing individual bullies does not create a welcoming society; adults must challenge the social conditions that teach shame.

What event became a public symbol of anti-gay harassment according to Richard Kim?

The death of Tyler Clementi following invasive webcam surveillance.

What does Kim suggest as a survival strategy for queer children?

Avoiding threatening peers to manage danger in ordinary school life.

What is the limitation of liberal tolerance as discussed by Kim?

It can leave shame intact by treating queerness as something to endure rather than value.

What does Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) establish regarding same-sex marriage?

It requires states to license marriages between two people of the same sex and recognize lawful same-sex marriages performed elsewhere.

What is one principle to avoid when communicating with LGBTQ individuals?

Avoid probing family reactions or medical/surgical history, as these are private subjects.

What does the term 'hypodescent' refer to?

Assigning someone of mixed ancestry to the socially subordinated group.

What was the significance of the one-drop rule in racial classification?

It was a restrictive example of hypodescent that protected racial hierarchy rather than accurately describing genetic variation.

How does race classification differ across societies, particularly in Latin America?

Different societies may use various classifications, and the same person can receive different racial classifications across places.

What role did scientific classification play in racial formation according to Omi and Winant?

It helped present human groupings and attached stereotypes as natural, influencing perceptions of racial hierarchy.

What does Pem Davidson Buck argue about the invention of white privilege?

Elites encouraged racial division to weaken cooperation among exploited laborers, aligning poor Europeans with wealthy slaveholders.

What was the psychological wage of whiteness as described by W.E.B. Du Bois?

It refers to the status and deference that compensated poor Whites psychologically without improving their wages.

What cultural forms circulated messages of white superiority?

Newspapers, minstrel shows, and other cultural forms helped disseminate these messages.

What was the impact of colonial laws on interracial marriages?

Laws punished European women for marrying African or Indigenous men, enforcing racial boundaries.

How did control of women's bodies contribute to the maintenance of whiteness?

It served both the production of enslaved labor and the maintenance of racial boundaries.

What does the term 'passing' mean in the context of race?

Being taken to belong to a different racial category, commonly White, depending on local meanings and boundaries.

What historical shift occurred regarding the collective identity of 'White'?

Before 'White' became prominent, colonists used terms like Christian and English; its prominence increased around 1680.

What was the main argument of Karen Brodkin's work?

The expansion of whiteness and government-supported mobility helped Jewish and other European immigrant families enter the middle class, not solely through individual effort.

How did late 19th/early 20th-century racial thinking categorize Europeans?

Europeans were divided into supposedly superior Nordic and inferior Alpine, Mediterranean, and Semitic 'races.'

What does nativism favor?

Nativism favors established native-born populations over immigrants.

What is xenophobia?

Xenophobia is hostility toward people perceived as foreign.

What did Theodore Roosevelt's 'race suicide' rhetoric express?

It expressed anxiety that Anglo-Saxon women would be outnumbered by supposedly inferior immigrants.

What does 'whitening Euro-ethnics' refer to?

It refers to the expansion of the boundaries of White belonging, especially after World War II.

What was the GI Bill / Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944?

It provided educational assistance, housing opportunities, employment support, and loans to veterans, benefiting largely White male recipients.

What was a significant issue with the implementation of the GI Bill?

Discriminatory practices obstructed Black veterans' access to benefits, and women veterans faced barriers.

What role did the FHA play in suburbanization?

The FHA provided federal mortgage insurance that helped many White families purchase homes while excluding many Black families.

What are restrictive racial covenants?

Property agreements that attempted to prevent sales or occupancy by racialized groups, contributing to segregated housing markets.

What is redlining?

Racialized neighborhood ratings and lending practices that restricted credit in Black or mixed neighborhoods.

What does urban renewal often disrupt?

Urban renewal can displace established Black communities, disrupting homes, businesses, and networks.

What is intergenerational wealth?

Wealth that can be passed to children, often through home equity, education, and financial security.

How does Beverly Daniel Tatum define racism?

Racism is a system of racial advantage, not just individual prejudice.

What does 'prejudice plus power' emphasize?

It emphasizes the role of institutions and social patterns in perpetuating racial advantages.

Can people of color be racist according to Tatum's definition?

While people of any race can hold prejudice, racism in Tatum's definition concerns participation in a system that advantages Whites.

What is active racism?

Active racism involves deliberate bigotry and discriminatory acts.

What is passive racism?

Passive racism involves going along with racism through silence or tolerance of exclusionary practices.

What does privilege mean in the context of discrimination?

Privilege refers to the advantages that a person may have due to their race, often without requesting the exclusion of others.

What is meritocracy?

Meritocracy is the belief that rewards are based solely on effort and ability, ignoring inherited advantages.

What is strategic racism?

Strategic racism involves using racial resentment for gaining wealth, political power, or status without personal hatred.

What is dog-whistle politics?

Dog-whistle politics uses race-neutral language to send a racial message to a target audience while allowing denial.

What does Peggy McIntosh mean by 'white privilege'?

White privilege refers to unearned racial advantages that are often unnoticed by those who benefit from them.

What are some examples of white privilege identified by McIntosh?

Examples include same-race company, housing access, media representation, and presumed financial reliability.

What is the main argument of Robin DiAngelo's work?

Experiencing class hardship does not eliminate racial advantage; one can be oppressed in one dimension and privileged in another.

What is internalized dominance?

Internalized dominance refers to the absorption of assumptions that normalize the position of advantaged groups.

What is the main argument of Linda Villarosa's work?

Medical racism has historical roots and persists through false beliefs and unequal treatment affecting Black individuals.

What does Dr. Susan Moore's account illustrate about COVID care?

It shows that professional expertise does not protect against racial bias in treatment.

What was the Tuskegee study?

A study from 1932-1972 where U.S. Public Health Service researchers observed untreated syphilis in Black men without informed consent.

What were the central harms of the Tuskegee study?

Deception, exploitation, and withholding treatment.

What is structural health inequality?

Health disparities created by exposure, working conditions, unequal access, stress, and discrimination.

How does racism and sexism intersect in Black women's experiences of sexual violence?

Their experiences must be understood through the interaction of racism and sexism, as argued by Yolanda Wilson.

What historical stereotypes affect Black women's protection from sexual violence?

Stereotypes portraying Black women as sexually available and less entitled to protection.

Who is J. Marion Sims and what is his controversial legacy?

Often called the 'father of gynecology,' he experimented on enslaved Black women without anesthesia.

What does Kiese Laymon's narrative about his faculty ID illustrate?

It offers conditional protection in police encounters while exposing the insecurity of Black individuals without credentials.

What is the prison industrial complex?

The interconnected interests of government and businesses benefiting from prison expansion and operation.

What are the implications of expanding prisons while cutting social services?

It treats social problems through punishment rather than addressing their root causes.

Who are the founders of the #BlackLivesMatter movement?

Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi.

What event prompted the creation of the #BlackLivesMatter movement?

The 2013 acquittal of George Zimmerman in the killing of Trayvon Martin.

What does 'herstory' emphasize in the context of the #BlackLivesMatter movement?

The contributions of Black women that are often erased from movement histories.

What does Angela Davis argue about the role of prisons in society?

Prisons remove people from public view while leaving underlying issues like poverty and racism unresolved.

What is the significance of the U.S. Constitution's slavery provisions?

It included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for political representation.

What does the term 'racialized criminality' refer to?

Assumptions that certain groups are naturally criminal, which can reduce scrutiny of the incarceration system.

What does Claude Steele's concept of stereotype threat entail?

Awareness of a negative stereotype can create stress and undermine performance.

What is respectability politics?

The attempt to gain acceptance by conforming to dominant societal standards, which does not eliminate structural racism.

What does the background-program metaphor illustrate?

The mental burden of managing stereotypes consumes cognitive resources, disadvantaging those who do not face this burden.

What is the significance of the Petition of Africans living in Boston (1773)?

It appealed for freedom and highlighted the contradiction between colonial liberty claims and slavery.

What was the South Carolina slave code (1712)?

It institutionalized coercive control over enslaved people and restricted their movement and autonomy.

What does the term 'diversity' signify in the context of these readings?

The inclusion and recognition of varied experiences and identities, particularly in social justice movements.