Intro to Physical Activity

public health

the art and science of preventing disease, promoting health, and prolonging life through organized efforts of society (SUSTAINING HEALTH)

physical activity

any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure

physical fitness

The individual has attained physical activity characteristics that permit an acceptable performance of given physical task

medical model of health

absence of disease

nonmedical model of health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

sedentary behavior

defined by sitting or reclining posture AND low energy expenditure (<1.5 METS) during WAKING hours

dimensions of physical activity

Frequency

Intensity

Time

Type

energy expenditure for sedentary behavior

• 3.5 oxygen uptake ml/kg/min

• <1.5 MET

energy expenditure for light activity

• 4 - 10.5 oxygen uptake ml/kg/min

• 1.5 - 3 METs

energy expenditure for moderate/vigorous physical activity

• 10.5+ oxygen uptake ml/kg/min

• 3+ METs

objective measurement

directly assessing something without taking into account perception/opinion

subjective measurement

measuring what people say about their physical/sedentary behavior

accelerometer

electric component that tracks movement

goal of accelerometer

to measure locomotor activity based off of oscillations in a person’s center of gravity

problems with accelerometers

• difficulty tracking stationary activity

• does not always account for different loads

• some models are not waterproof

IPAQ

international physical activity questionnaire

how is the short IPAQ form structured?

measures walking, moderate, vigorous, and total activity

IPAQ score formula

Contact x Minutes x Days

categories for IPAQ

• low

• moderate

• high

moderate category criteria

• 3+ vigorous days of 20 min

• 5+ vigorous days and/or walking 30 min a day

• minimum score of 600 METs/week

vigorous category criteria

• 3+ days with total activity of at least 1500 METs / week

• 7+ days with combination of walking, moderate, or vigorous activity with 3000 METs a week

what makes self reports less credible?

• social desirability

• problems with recalling correctly

• overestimation

cross-sectional study

data collected from a population group at one specific time

cohort studies

a selected population is monitored over several periods of time

what are pre/post intervention studies for? (aka control groups)

measuring change

RCT

randomized controlled trial

biomechanics

study of human movement (injury and performance)

injury

physical trauma, represents damage to the body caused by an external force

2 injury types

• acute

• chronic/overuse

bone structure

• biphasic material

• macroscopic layout

biphasic material

organic matrix (collagen), and inorganic mineral matrix (calcium)

macroscopic layout

outer dense structure, surrounded inner porous structure

injury potential for bones

• fractures

• stress fractures

muscle structure

• epimysium —> perimysium —> endomysium

• sacromeres

injury potential for muscles

• strains and tears

• high vascular tissue means healing can occur quickly

ligament structure

• dense connective tissue made of collagen fibres

• elastin fibres

injury potential for ligaments

• sprains

• poor intrinsic healing capacity

tendon structure

• type one collagen bundles (crimp)

• organized connective tissue

injury potential

• tendinopathy

• ruptures

adaptations to use

tissues repair themselves to become stronger

adaptations to disuse

use it or lose it; deconstruction to save energy

uk government departments that impact sport

• department of health

• department of education

• department for digital culture, media, and sport

physical education

planned learning through movement

sport

participation shaped by rules, skills, and social organization

article 10?

access to sport is a fundamental right

• mandates physical education in schools

• safe and available access in and out of school

article 11?

building the foundations for the practice of sport/appropriate steps should be taken to develop physical literacy and fitness

prime minister john major impacts

1/5 of lottery fund allocated to sports

prime minister tony blair impacts

education focus for sport; kept major’s policies; social panacea/remedy

cardiorespitory endurance

ability of circulatory and respiratory system to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity

body composition

relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body

muscular strength

ability of muscle to exert force

muscular endurance

ability of muscle to continue to perform without fatigue

flexibility

range of motion available at a joint

atherosclerosis

progressive narrowing of arteries due to build up of plaque (atheroma)

associated risks with atherosclerosis

• myocardial infarction (MI)

• chronic heart failure

myocardial infarction

heart attack due to ischemia

stroke

cerebrovascular accident where brain is starved of oxygen, so it becomes ischemic

epidemiology

study of disease occurance in human population

high density lipoprotein (HDL-C)

implicated in plaque degradation; promoted by physical activity

low density lipoprotein (LPD-C)

implicated in plaque formation

normal blood pressure

120/80 mmHg

hypertension blood pressure

BP > 140/90 mmHg

body mass index

weight (kg) / height (m²)